{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:19:34Z","timestamp":1787318374382,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance","award":["11DZ2261100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11DZ2261100"]}]},{"name":"General Administration of Sport of China Technology Services Project","award":["2017B016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017B016"]}]},{"name":"The National key R & D Program of China","award":["2017YFC1310300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1310300"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Qigong exercise offers a potentially safe, low-cost and effective mind\u2013body rehabilitative intervention for mitigating the problem of gait interruption among patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) who have frequent freezing of gait (FOG) episodes. However, its clinical effects have not been established. This paper describes the trial protocol of evaluating the clinical efficacy of a newly developed Integrated Qigong in improving gait among patients with PD who have FOG.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A single-blind randomised controlled trial is designed to compare Integrated Qigong and balance training with an attention control. Participants will be patients with mild to moderate PD who experience FOG and are recruited from local communities in Shanghai, China. Participants will be randomly allocated to one of the three groups: Integrated Qigong group, a balance exercise intervention group, or control group. The total number of participants will be 126, and masked assessments will be made at baseline, 12 weeks (end of intervention) and 12-week follow-up. Both Integrated Qigong group and balance training group will receive a group-based exercise intervention that meets three times per week, 60\u2009min in duration, for 12 weeks. The control group will receive a 60\u2009min weekly group session and monthly health education. The primary outcomes are gait parameters (stride length, gait velocity, stride time variability) and occurrence of FOG. The secondary outcomes are postural instability, walking disability, falling, fear of falling and quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of Sport and registered at China Clinical Trial Registry. Participants will sign informed consent prior to the participation of the trial. The findings of the study will be published in peer-reviewed academic journals and disseminated to PD support groups, medical community and media.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChiCTR1800016570.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-028869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T17:05:53Z","timestamp":1568307953000},"page":"e028869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Study protocol for a single-blind randomised controlled trial to evaluate the clinical effects of an Integrated Qigong exercise intervention on freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Zhenlan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Science, School of Martial Arts, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Science, School of Martial Arts, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Science, School of Martial Arts, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiping","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Science, School of Martial Arts, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuncheng","family":"Jie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Science, School of Martial Arts, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Science, School of Martial Arts, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Science, School of Martial Arts, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Science, School of Martial Arts, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.29.2151","article-title":"Characteristics associated with freezing of gait in actual daily living in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Ishii","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21956"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25683"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27208","article-title":"Predicting the onset of freezing of gait: a longitudinal study","volume":"33","author":"Ehgoetz Martens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.03.009","article-title":"Freezing of gait: promising avenues for future treatment","volume":"52","author":"Gilat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70143-0"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13167","article-title":"Effect of high-frequency subthalamic neurostimulation on gait and freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Schlenstedt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316437"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27372","article-title":"International Parkinson and movement disorder society evidence-based medicine review: update on treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease","volume":"33","author":"Fox","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.10","first-page":"22","article-title":"Tai chi and Qigong as a form of physical activity of people of all ages in the context of modern physiotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Klich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Act. Rev."},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2017.07.004","article-title":"Physical and psychological effects of Qigong exercise in community-dwelling older adults: an exploratory study","volume":"39","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geriatr Nurs"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8913870"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12571","article-title":"Effect of health Baduanjin Qigong for mild to moderate Parkinson's disease","volume":"16","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5935782","article-title":"Effects of health Qigong exercises on relieving symptoms of Parkinson's disease","volume":"2016","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4960978","article-title":"Acute physiological and psychological effects of Qigong exercise in older practitioners","volume":"2018","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.26.881","article-title":"The Influence of \"wuqinxi\" exercises on the Lumbosacral Multifidus","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3235950","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Qigong Wuqinxi in the Improvement of Health Condition, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Diseases: Evidence from a Systematic Review","volume":"2018","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130544","article-title":"The effect of Chinese traditional exercise-Baduanjin on physical and psychological well-being of college students: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2017.08.005","article-title":"Effects of traditional Chinese exercises on the rehabilitation of limb function among stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Ge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Complement Ther Clin Pract"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S165593","article-title":"Effectiveness of water-based Liuzijue exercise on respiratory muscle strength and peripheral skeletal muscle function in patients with COPD","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.21","unstructured":"Cohen J . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd edn. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1988."},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.22","unstructured":"Chinese Health Qigong Association . Theoretical training course in health Qigong. Beijing, CHN: Foreign Languages Press Co. Ltd, 2015."},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.04.006","article-title":"Balance training in individuals with Parkinson's disease: Therapist-supervised vs. home-based exercise programme","volume":"55","author":"Atterbury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23159"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.30.658","article-title":"The impact of walking speed on interlimb coordination in individuals with Parkinson's disease","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25545"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.02.008","article-title":"The feasibility of singing to improve gait in Parkinson disease","volume":"53","author":"Harrison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.07.108"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20150167"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20100113"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130019"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1144"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20150334"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27014","article-title":"Training dual tasks together or apart in Parkinson's disease: results from the duality trial","volume":"32","author":"Strouwen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-11-85","article-title":"Falls and falls efficacy: the role of sustained attention in older adults","volume":"11","author":"O'Halloran","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0682-2","article-title":"Falls efficacy, postural balance, and risk for falls in older adults with falls-related emergency department visits: prospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Pua","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0642-8","article-title":"Responsiveness of the short-form health survey and the Parkinson's disease questionnaire in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"15","author":"Tu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.8202","article-title":"Reliability and validity of 39-Item Parkinson's disease questionnaire and Parkinson's disease quality of life questionnaire","volume":"30","author":"Jesus-Ribeiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Med Port"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.08.017","article-title":"Effects of freezing of gait on postural motor learning in people with Parkinson's disease","volume":"334","author":"Peterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein P , Picard G , Baumgarden J , et al . Meditative movement, energetic, and physical analyses of three Qigong exercises: unification of eastern and Western mechanistic exercise theory. Medicines 2017;4.doi:10.3390\/medicines4040069","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines4040069"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.1579","article-title":"Spatiotemporal gait parameters for patients with Parkinson's disease compared with normal individuals","volume":"19","author":"Bovonsunthonchai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiother Res Int"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-130282","article-title":"Freezing of gait and falls in Parkinson's disease","volume":"4","author":"Okuma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3928\/00989134-20160201-03","article-title":"Efficacy of Ba Duan Jin in improving balance: a study in Chinese community-dwelling older adults","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gerontol Nurs"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/379715","article-title":"Qigong and fibromyalgia: randomized controlled trials and beyond","volume":"2014","author":"Sawynok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968316650426"},{"key":"2025121223452242000_9.9.e028869.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(99)00049-9"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-028869","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T07:45:32Z","timestamp":1765611932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-028869"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-028869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-028869","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}}}