{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T23:50:58Z","timestamp":1788997858217,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009902","name":"Egmont Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009902","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003035","name":"Aase og Ejnar Danielsens Fond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004954","name":"Augustinus Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004954","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Pharmacy Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Danish National Board of Health"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000724","name":"Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000724","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001732","name":"Danmarks Grundforskningsfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeckfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ludvig and Sara Elsass' Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preterm birth can affect cognition, but other factors including parental education and intelligence may also play a role, but few studies have adjusted for these potential confounders. We aimed to assess the impact of gestational age (GA), late preterm birth (34 to &lt;37 weeks GA) and very to moderately preterm birth (&lt;34 weeks GA) on intelligence, attention and executive function in a population of Danish children aged 5 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Population-based prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Denmark 2003\u20132008.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cohort of 1776 children and their mothers sampled from the Danish National Birth Cohort with information on GA, family and background factors and completed neuropsychological assessment at age 5.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised, Test of Everyday Attention for Children at Five and Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For preterm birth &lt;34 weeks GA (n=8), the mean difference in full-scale intelligence quotient(IQ) was \u221210.6 points (95% CI \u221219.4 to \u22121.8) when compared with the term group \u226537 weeks GA (n=1728), and adjusted for potential confounders. For the teacher-assessed Global Executive Composite, the mean difference was 5.3 points (95% CI 2.4 to 8.3) in the adjusted analysis, indicating more executive function difficulties in the preterm group &lt;34 weeks GA compared with the term group. Maternal intelligence and parental education were weak confounders. No associations between late preterm birth 34 to &lt;37 weeks GA (n=40) and poor cognition were shown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study showed substantially lower intelligence and poorer executive function in children born &lt;34 weeks GA compared with children born at term. GA may play an important role in determining cognitive abilities independent of maternal intelligence and parental education. Studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these findings, as the proportion of children born preterm in this study population was small.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-028982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T08:05:29Z","timestamp":1568016329000},"page":"e028982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Impact of gestational age on child intelligence, attention and executive function at age 5: a cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6636-155X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie Pi Fogtmann","family":"Sejer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik Jager","family":"Bruun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie Anna","family":"Slavensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik Lykke","family":"Mortensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Medical Psychology, Department of Public Health and Center for Healthy Ageing, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrik","family":"Schi\u00f8ler Kesmodel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121403575719000_9.9.e028982.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38751.524132.2F"},{"key":"2025121403575719000_9.9.e028982.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0221"},{"key":"2025121403575719000_9.9.e028982.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60136-1"},{"key":"2025121403575719000_9.9.e028982.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdr024"},{"key":"2025121403575719000_9.9.e028982.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60380-3"},{"key":"2025121403575719000_9.9.e028982.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2816"},{"key":"2025121403575719000_9.9.e028982.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079200","article-title":"Predictors of intelligence at the age of 5: family, pregnancy and birth characteristics, postnatal influences, and postnatal growth","volume":"8","author":"Eriksen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121403575719000_9.9.e028982.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12810","article-title":"Maternal intelligence quotient (IQ) predicts IQ and language in very preterm children at age 5\u00a0years","volume":"59","author":"Lean","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatr"},{"key":"2025121403575719000_9.9.e028982.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2700"},{"key":"2025121403575719000_9.9.e028982.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021361","article-title":"Special care and school difficulties in 8-year-old very preterm children: the Epipage cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Larroque","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121403575719000_9.9.e028982.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1536"},{"key":"2025121403575719000_9.9.e028982.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494809357093"},{"key":"2025121403575719000_9.9.e028982.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2012.03395.x"},{"key":"2025121403575719000_9.9.e028982.14","unstructured":"Wechsler D . 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