{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:40:27Z","timestamp":1790638827595,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to explore determinants of psychosocial distress and pain in patients who have survived severe extremity amputation in Gaza.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was conducted in a secondary care rehabilitation centre in Gaza, Palestine. The clinic is Gaza\u2019s sole provider of artificial limbs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 254 civilian Palestinians who had survived but lost one or more limb(s) during military incursions from 2006 to 2016. We included patients with surgically treated amputation injuries who attended physical rehabilitation at a specialist prosthesis centre in Gaza. Amputees with injuries prior to 2006 or non-military related injuries were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>We assessed their pain and psychological stress using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). We used income, amputation severity scored by proximity to torso, current employment status, loss of family members and loss of home as independent variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The amputees median age was 23 years at the time of trauma, while a median of 4.3 years had passed from trauma to study inclusion. Nine of 10 were male, while 43 were children when they were amputated (17%\u226418 years). One hundred and ninety-one (75%) were unemployed and 112 (44%) reported unemployment caused by being amputated. Pain was the most frequent problem, and 80 amputees (32%) reported to suffer from daily pain. Family income was significantly correlated with the physical pain (OR=0.54, CI 0.36\u2009to 0.80, p=0.002). Psychological distress was higher among unemployed amputees (OR=1.36, CI 1.07 to 1.72, p=0.011). We found no association between psychological distress (GHQ-scores) and the extent of the initial amputation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pain and psychological distress following war-related extremity amputation of one or more limbs correlated stronger with deteriorated family economy and being unemployed than with the anatomical and medical severity of extremity amputations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]],"date-time":"2019-06-19T06:24:13Z","timestamp":1560925453000},"page":"e029892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Does pain, psychological distress and deteriorated family economy follow traumatic amputation among war casualties? A retrospective, cross-sectional study from Gaza"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2371-0868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanne Edoy","family":"Heszlein-Lossius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahya","family":"Al-Borno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical department, Al-Shifa Hospital, Gaza City, Palestine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samar","family":"Shaqqoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical department, Al-Shifa Hospital, Gaza City, Palestine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nashwa","family":"Skaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical department, Al-Shifa Hospital, Gaza City, Palestine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lasse Melvaer","family":"Giil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal medicine, Haraldsplass Diakonale Sykehus AS, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mads","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121220120705000_9.6.e029892.1","unstructured":"Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. 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