{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:12:29Z","timestamp":1790223149721,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","funder":[{"name":"The UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), a co-sponsored program executed by the WHO, funded this work"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically identify and map the available evidence on effectiveness, side effects, pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action of centchroman as a contraceptive pill.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Centchroman was introduced in the Indian national family planning programme in 2016 as a once-a-week short-term contraceptive pill\/oral contraceptive. At present there are no WHO recommendations on this method of contraception. We examined the available evidence through a scoping review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A search was conducted inclusive to the years 1970\u20132019 on electronic databases, grey literature sources and reference lists of included studies to identify studies. The five stages of Arksey and O\u2019Malley\u2019s scoping review framework were applied in undertaking this scoping review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The review identified 33 studies conducted between 1976 and 2017. Two studies reported mechanism of action of centchroman. Pharmacokinetics was reported by five studies among non-breastfeeding women and four studies among breastfeeding women. Eight studies reported on effectiveness ranging from 93% to 100%. Pregnancies due to user failure ranged from 2.6% to 10.2%. Although side effects were reported in 13 studies, the incidence varied greatly between the studies. Continuous bleeding and prolonged cycles &gt;45 days were the most commonly reported side effects. All studies conducted had a small sample size and the duration of follow-up of women was 12 months or less. Fifty-five per cent of studies were by the developers of the pill (Central Drug Research Institute) and results of the phase IV clinical trial were unavailable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The scoping review shows that studies with robust designs and conducted in international context are lacking. Insufficient evidence exists on centchroman use as a postcoital contraceptive pill. The broad uncertainty in range of side effects and effectiveness in the studies implies insufficient evidence to make global recommendations on centchroman that is currently licensed as a contraceptive in India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]],"date-time":"2019-10-08T07:25:31Z","timestamp":1570519531000},"page":"e030373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Scoping review to map evidence on mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, effectiveness and side effects of centchroman as a contraceptive pill"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rita","family":"Kabra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6272-2135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Komal Preet","family":"Allagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6949-8976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moazzam","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandani Anoma","family":"Jayathilaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Health, Gender and Life course, World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasonde","family":"Mwinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Country Office for India, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Kiarie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121509393505000_9.10.e030373.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/med.1011"},{"key":"2025121509393505000_9.10.e030373.2","unstructured":"Population Foundation of India . Spacing methods of family planning, 2014. Available: http:\/\/populationfoundation.in\/files\/fileattached\/Fileattached-1492415902-Family_Planning_methods_Eng.pdf [Accessed Cited 17th November 2017]."},{"key":"2025121509393505000_9.10.e030373.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2741\/e807","article-title":"Centchroman a safe reversible postcoital contraceptive with curative and prophylactic activity in many disorders","volume":"10","author":"Kamboj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Bioscience"},{"key":"2025121509393505000_9.10.e030373.4","unstructured":"Family planning division . Ministry of health and family welfare, government of India. reference manual for oral contraceptive pills. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family welfare -Government of India, 2016."},{"key":"2025121509393505000_9.10.e030373.5","unstructured":"Balasubramanian D . On conception and contraception: the story of Saheli; the Hindu: 24th June 2017. 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