{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:03:44Z","timestamp":1790175824691,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]],"date-time":"2020-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581984000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011000","name":"MILDECA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["call for research projects 2007 [MIL08010],"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["call for research projects 2007 [MIL08010],"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the French Ministry of Health","award":["[PHRC 2009 \u2013 RCB 2008-A01188-47]."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[PHRC 2009 \u2013 RCB 2008-A01188-47]."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gambling characteristics are factors that could influence problem gambling development. The aim of this study was to identify a typology of gamblers to frame risky behaviour based on gambling characteristics (age of initiation\/of problem gambling, type of gambling: pure chance\/chance with pseudoskills\/chance with elements of skill, gambling online\/offline, amount wagered monthly) and to investigate clinical factors associated with these different profiles in a large representative sample of gamblers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study is a cross-sectional analysis to the baseline data of the french JEU cohort study (study protocol : Challet-Bouju\n                      <jats:italic>et al<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 2014). Recruitment (April 2009 to September 2011) involved clinicians and researchers from seven institutions that offer care for or conduct research on problem\ngamblers (PG). Participants were recruited in gambling places, and in care centres. Only participants who reported gambling in the previous year between 18 and 65 years old were included.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Participants gave their written informed consent, it was approved by the French Research Ethics Committee.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The participants were 628 gamblers : 256 non-problem gamblers (NPG), 169 problem gamblers without treatment (PGWT) and 203 problem gamblers seeking treatment (PGST).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six clustering models were tested, the one with three clusters displayed a lower classification error rate (7.92%) and was better suited to clinical interpretation : \u2018Early Onset and Short Course\u2019 (47.5%), \u2018Early Onset and Long Course\u2019 (35%) and \u2018Late Onset and Short Course\u2019 (17.5%). Gambling characteristics differed significantly between the three clusters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We defined clusters through the analysis of gambling variables, easy to identify, by psychiatrists or by physicians in primary care. Simple screening concerning these gambling characteristics could be constructed to prevent and to help PG identification. It is important to consider gambling characteristics : policy measures targeting gambling characteristics may reduce the risk of PG or minimise harm from gambling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT01207674\">NCT01207674<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      (ClinicalTrials.gov); Results.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T04:27:59Z","timestamp":1582086479000},"page":"e030424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Problem and non-problem gamblers: a cross-sectional clustering study by gambling characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01207674","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1568-9480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgane","family":"Guillou Landreat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 7479 SPURBO, Universite de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France"},{"name":"Addictive Disorders Department, CHRU de Brest, Brest, France"},{"name":"UMR 1246 SPHERE, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Chereau Boudet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addictology and Psychiatry Department, CHU Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastien","family":"Perrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 1246 SPHERE, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Romo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 4430 CLIPSYD 'clinique psychiatrique developpement', Universite Paris-Nanterre, Nanterre, France"},{"name":"Addictive Disorders, Hospital Louis-Mourier, Colombes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Codina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addictive disorders Unit Marmottan, GPS Perray-Vaucluse, \u00c9pinay-sur-Orge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Magalon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry, Hopital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melina","family":"Fatseas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Laboratory SANPSY USR 3413, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France"},{"name":"Addictive Disorders, Hospital Centre Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9402-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amandine","family":"Luquiens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry and Addictology Department, H\u00f4pital Paul Brousse, APHP Villejuif, Villejuif cedex, France"},{"name":"CESP, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Univ. 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