{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T22:02:40Z","timestamp":1765836160724,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To set priorities for public health policy, funding for public health interventions, and healthcare planning which will ultimately contribute in bending the burden of toxoplasmosis towards maternal and neonatal health, it is necessary to have accurate data on the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in pregnant women by countries, WHO regions and globally.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We will search multiple databases to identify studies that reported the prevalence (or enough data to compute this estimate) of\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the global population of pregnant women up till December 31, 2018 without any language restrictions. Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment will be conducted independently by three pairs of investigators. For each country, we will estimate the prevalence based on empirical studies if there is either one nationally representative study, or two or more not nationally representative studies. Then, we will perform a country-specific random-effects meta-analyses. The heterogeneity will be evaluated using the \u03c7\u00b2 test on Cochrane\u2019s Q statistic and quantified with H and I\u00b2 statistics. For countries with one or no empirical studies or where the meta-analysis will result in a wide CI of 0%\u2013100%, we will predict the country\u2019s prevalence by using a Bayesian generalised non-linear multilevel model. The model will have a hierarchical structure in which estimates for each country will be informed by its own data, if available, or by data from other countries in the same WHO region.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since this study will be based on published data, it does not require any ethical approval. Its findings will be published in a scientific peer-reviewed journal. They will also be presented at scientific conferences and to relevant public health sectors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42019125572.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,19]],"date-time":"2019-10-19T12:45:18Z","timestamp":1571489118000},"page":"e030472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Global, regional and national estimates of\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    seroprevalence in pregnant women: a protocol for a systematic review and modelling analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8018-6279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Joel","family":"Bigna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8338-2467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel Noutakdie","family":"Tochie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dahlia Noelle","family":"Tounouga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne Olive","family":"Bekolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadia S","family":"Ymele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institute of Health Sciences, University of Montagnes, Bangangt\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paule Sandra","family":"Sim\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6155-235X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jobert Richie","family":"Nansseu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121513583777000_9.10.e030472.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.04.003"},{"key":"2025121513583777000_9.10.e030472.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X"},{"key":"2025121513583777000_9.10.e030472.3","unstructured":"WHO . Toxoplasmosis: fact sheet: WHO, 2015. Available: http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0011\/294599\/Factsheet-Toxoplasmosis-en.pdf?ua=1 [Accessed 2 Feb 2019]."},{"key":"2025121513583777000_9.10.e030472.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-200105000-00025"},{"key":"2025121513583777000_9.10.e030472.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.111732"},{"key":"2025121513583777000_9.10.e030472.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2017.12.003","article-title":"An updated literature review on maternal-fetal and reproductive disorders of Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"47","author":"Fallahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2025121513583777000_9.10.e030472.7","unstructured":"Centre for Reviews and Dissemination . CRD\u2019s guidance for undertaking reviews in healthcare: centers for reviews and dissemination, 2009. University of York. Available: https:\/\/www.york.ac.uk\/media\/crd\/Systematic_Reviews.pdf [Accessed 11 Oct 2019]."},{"key":"2025121513583777000_9.10.e030472.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025121513583777000_9.10.e030472.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a web and mobile APP for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025121513583777000_9.10.e030472.10","first-page":"360","article-title":"Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic","volume":"37","author":"Viera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"key":"2025121513583777000_9.10.e030472.11","unstructured":"The Joanna Briggs Institute . The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools for use in JBI systematic reviews: checklist for prevalence studies: the Joanna Briggs Institute, 2017. Available: http:\/\/joannabriggs.org\/research\/critical-appraisal-tools.html [Accessed 15 Feb 2019]."},{"key":"2025121513583777000_9.10.e030472.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2"},{"key":"2025121513583777000_9.10.e030472.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1348","article-title":"Seriously misleading results using inverse of Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation in meta-analysis of single proportions","volume":"10","author":"Schwarzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"2025121513583777000_9.10.e030472.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3001666"},{"key":"2025121513583777000_9.10.e030472.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"2025121513583777000_9.10.e030472.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"2025121513583777000_9.10.e030472.17","unstructured":"United Nations Development Programme . 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Available: http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/content\/human-development-index-hdi [Accessed 15 Feb 2019]."}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030472","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T21:58:44Z","timestamp":1765835924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030472"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030472","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2044-6055"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2044-6055"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}}}