{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T17:45:53Z","timestamp":1794505553012,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]],"date-time":"2020-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578268800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swiss Medical Board.","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to examine the prevalence and determinants of benzodiazepine prescription among older adults in Switzerland, and analyse association with hospitalisation and costs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective analysis of claims data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was conducted in nine cantons in Switzerland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Older adults aged 65 years and older enrolled with a large Swiss health insurance company participated in the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome was prevalence of benzodiazepine prescription. The secondary outcomes were (1) determinants of any benzodiazepine prescription; (2) the association between any prescription and the probability of hospitalisation for trauma and (3) the association between any prescription and total healthcare expenditures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 69\u2009005 individuals were included in the study. Approximately 20% of participants had at least one benzodiazepine prescription in 2017. Prescription prevalence increased with age (65\u201369: 15.9%; 70\u201374: 18.4%; 75\u201380: 22.5%; &gt;80: 25.8%) and was higher in women (25.1%) compared with men (14.6%). Enrollees with the highest deductible of Swiss Francs (CHF) 2500 were 70% less likely to receive a prescription than enrollees with the lowest deductible of CHF 300 (adjusted OR=0.29, 95%\u2009CI 0.24 to 0.35).<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with at least one prescription had a higher probability of hospitalisation for trauma (OR=1.31, 95% CI 1. 20 to 1.1.44), and 70% higher health care expenditures (\u03b2=0.72, 95% CI 0. 67 to 0.77). Enrollees in canton Valais were three times more likely to receive a prescription compared to enrollees from canton Aargau (OR=2.84, 95% 2.51 to 3.21).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proportion of older adults with at least one benzodiazepine prescription is high, as found in the data of one large Swiss health insurance company. These enrollees are more likely to be hospitalised for trauma and have higher healthcare expenditures. Important differences in prescription prevalence across cantons were observed, suggesting potential overuse. Further research is needed to understand the drivers of variation, prescription patterns across providers, and trends over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]],"date-time":"2020-01-07T18:28:02Z","timestamp":1578421682000},"page":"e031156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Patterns of benzodiazepine prescription among older adults in Switzerland: a cross-sectional analysis of claims data"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5716-4693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xhyljeta","family":"Luta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisant\u00e9), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Bagnoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe Mutuel, Martigny, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Lambiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Decollogny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisant\u00e9), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Eggli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisant\u00e9), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1672-3644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Annick","family":"Le Pogam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisant\u00e9), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Marques-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5763-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Marti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisant\u00e9), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1763","article-title":"Benzodiazepine use in the United States","volume":"72","author":"Olfson","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3825","article-title":"Exposure to benzodiazepines (anxiolytics, hypnotics and related drugs) in seven European electronic healthcare databases: a cross-national descriptive study from the PROTECT-EU project","volume":"25(Suppl 1)","author":"Huerta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2016.05.120","article-title":"Benzodiazepine use, misuse, and abuse: a review","volume":"6","author":"Schmitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ment Health Clin"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881113503509"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4614","article-title":"Potentially inappropriate use of benzodiazepines and z-drugs in the older population-analysis of associations between long-term use and patient-related factors","volume":"6","author":"Mokhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125317696454","article-title":"Long-Term use of benzodiazepines in older patients in Germany: a retrospective analysis","volume":"7","author":"Jacob","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60464-4"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.22.2716"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15767","article-title":"American geriatrics Society 2019 updated AGS beers Criteria\u00ae for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults","volume":"67","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2008.03185.x"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03591.x"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.12","first-page":"7","article-title":"Epidemiology of falls in older age","volume":"30","author":"Peel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Aging\/ La Revue canadienne du vieillissement"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-014-0159-3"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.436","article-title":"Emergency department visits by adults for psychiatric medication adverse events","volume":"71","author":"Hampton","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200320110-00004"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201200089"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13702."},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03563.x"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.2413","article-title":"Factors associated with long-term benzodiazepine use among older adults","volume":"178","author":"Gerlach","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000395","article-title":"Benzodiazepines for agitation in patients with delirium: selecting the right patient, right time, and right indication","volume":"12","author":"Hui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Support Palliat Care"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0b013e328105e0f2"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Switzerland: health system review","volume":"17","author":"De Pietro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Syst Transit"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.23","unstructured":"OECD, World Health Organization . OECD reviews of health systems: Switzerland 2011."},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1508256","article-title":"Individual responsibility and community solidarity--the Swiss health care system","volume":"373","author":"Biller-Andorno","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2018.14686","article-title":"Impact of alternative healthcare plans on out-of-hours help-seeking intentions in Switzerland","volume":"148","author":"Keizer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-13-17","article-title":"The inequity of the Swiss health care system financing from a federal state perspective","volume":"13","author":"Crivelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1030","article-title":"Identifying patients with chronic conditions using pharmacy data in Switzerland: an updated mapping approach to the classification of medications","volume":"13","author":"Huber","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2010.03818.x"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040617-013517","article-title":"Modeling health care expenditures and use","volume":"39","author":"Deb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2010.13041","article-title":"Retrospective research: what are the ethical and legal requirements?","volume":"140","author":"Junod","year":"2010","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-016-0404-x","article-title":"Benzodiazepine use and risk of developing Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study based on Swiss claims data","volume":"31","author":"Bi\u00e9try","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5205","article-title":"Benzodiazepine use and risk of Alzheimer's disease: case-control study","volume":"349","author":"Billioti de Gage","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125317743651","article-title":"Benzodiazepine prescription in Ontario residents aged 65 and over: a population-based study from 1998 to 2013","volume":"8","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2007.00091.x"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp16X685213"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yco.0000165594.60434.84"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp10X483922"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0205-5"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018956","article-title":"Long-term benzodiazepine use in patients taking antidepressants in a public health setting in Brazil: a cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Fulone","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2018.10.004","article-title":"[Use and misuse of benzodiazepines out of France]","volume":"47","author":"Tournier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11598420-000000000-00000"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.07.024","article-title":"Benzodiazepine use in older adults: dangers, management, and alternative therapies","volume":"91","author":"Markota","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-014-0159-3"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1999.tb01898.x"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.45","first-page":"307","article-title":"The cost of falls among the community-dwelling elderly","volume":"11","author":"Carroll","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Manag Care Pharm"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15304"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/jhsrp.2011.010056"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-62","article-title":"Explaining regional variations in health care utilization between Swiss cantons using panel econometric models","volume":"12","author":"Camenzind","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000634","article-title":"Regional variation of cost of care in the last 12 months of life in Switzerland: Small-area analysis using insurance claims data","volume":"55","author":"Panczak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2086-6","article-title":"Changes over time in prescription practices of pain medications in Switzerland between 2006 and 2013: an analysis of insurance claims","volume":"17","author":"Wertli","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp17X691865"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14379","article-title":"No end in sight: benzodiazepine use in older adults in the United States","volume":"64","author":"Maust","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.7399","article-title":"Patterns in outpatient benzodiazepine prescribing in the United States","volume":"2","author":"Agarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-14-191","article-title":"General practitioners' experiences and perceptions of benzodiazepine prescribing: systematic review and meta-synthesis","volume":"14","author":"Sirdifield","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"2025121601351027000_10.1.e031156.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02813430701726335"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031156","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T09:35:24Z","timestamp":1765877724000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031156","relation":{"has-part":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031156.supp1","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}}}