{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T23:42:43Z","timestamp":1772840563339,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","funder":[{"name":"Running for Premature Babies","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The optimal management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) remains contentious. The medications used to treat PDA are often non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are associated with a number of unwanted adverse effects. Paracetamol is a medication with an excellent safety profile in infants and has been suggested as a safe alternative medication in situations where other medications have failed or are contraindicated. There are limited data on the use of early, intravenous paracetamol in preterm infants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This trial aims to address whether early treatment with paracetamol will reduce the number of infants requiring intervention for PDA. This is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in preterm infants &lt;29 weeks\u2019 gestation. At 6\u2009hours of life, infants with a ductus arteriosus &gt;0.9\u2009mm will be randomised to receive either (1) intravenous paracetamol at a dose of 15\u2009mg\/kg initially, followed by every 6\u2009hours at a dose of 7.5\u2009mg\/kg for 5\u2009days; or (2) intravenous 5% dextrose every 6\u2009hours for 5\u2009days. The primary outcome is the need for any intervention for management of PDA up to 5\u2009days. Secondary outcomes include closure of the ductus arteriosus at 5\u2009days, size of the ductus arteriosus, ductal reopening, systemic blood flow, mortality and significant morbidities. The target sample size of 100 infants yields &gt;80% power, at the two-sided 5% level significance, to detect a 50% reduction in the need for intervention assuming that approximately 60% of infants in this study would otherwise have required intervention for PDA.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A report on the results of the planned analyses will be prepared. The results of the primary analysis of all end points will be presented at medical conferences and submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals. Separate manuscripts pertaining to the second aim of the study may be written, and these will also be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ACTRN12616001517460.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T10:29:17Z","timestamp":1572431357000},"page":"e031428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Early PARacetamol (EPAR) trial: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of early paracetamol to promote closure of the ductus arteriosus in preterm infants"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Schindler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Newborn Care, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"School of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Smyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newborn Care, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"School of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Srinivas","family":"Bolisetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newborn Care, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"School of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Michalowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newborn Care, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Lui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newborn Care, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"School of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101814265473000_9.10.e031428.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12848","article-title":"Preterm infant outcomes in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory","volume":"51","author":"Bolisetty","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2025101814265473000_9.10.e031428.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211465"},{"key":"2025101814265473000_9.10.e031428.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowlie PW , Davis PG , McGuire W , et al . 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