{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:55:19Z","timestamp":1787921719115,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582243200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012319","name":"National Center for Global Health and Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["29-2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["29-2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18fk0108046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18fk0108046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Amebiasis, which is caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      , is a re-emerging public health issue owing to sexually transmitted infection (STI) in Japan. However, epidemiological data are quite limited.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To reveal the relative prevalence of sexually transmitted\n                      <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection to other STIs, we conducted a cross-sectional study at a voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) centre in Tokyo. Seroprevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      was assessed according to positivity with an ELISA for\n                      <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      -specific IgG in serum samples collected from anonymous VCT clients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 2083 samples, seropositive rate for\n                      <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      was 2.64%, which was higher than that for HIV-1 (0.34%, p&lt;0.001) and comparable to that for syphilis (rapid plasma reagin (RPR) 2.11%, p=0.31). Positivity for\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in urine by transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) was 4.59%. Seropositivity for\n                      <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      was high among RPR\/\n                      <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n                      hemagglutination (TPHA)-positive individuals and it was not different between clients with and without other STIs. Both seropositivity of\n                      <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      and RPR were high among male clients. The seropositive rate for anti-\n                      <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibody was positively correlated with age. TMA positivity for urine\n                      <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was high among female clients and negatively correlated with age. Regression analysis identified that male sex, older age and TPHA-positive results are independent risk factors of\n                      <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      seropositivity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seroprevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      was 7.9 times higher than that of HIV-1 at a VCT centre in Tokyo, with a tendency to be higher among people at risk for syphilis infection. There is a need for education and specific interventions against this parasite, as a potentially re-emerging pathogen.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T06:15:14Z","timestamp":1582697714000},"page":"e031605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Seroprevalence of\n                    <i>Entamoeba histolytica<\/i>\n                    at a voluntary counselling and testing centre in Tokyo: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yasuaki","family":"Yanagawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Shinjuku-ku, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mami","family":"Nagashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Public Health, Shinjuku-ku, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Gatanaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Shinjuku-ku, Japan"},{"name":"Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshimi","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Shinjuku-ku, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Oka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Shinjuku-ku, Japan"},{"name":"Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiko","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Public Health, Shinjuku-ku, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Shinkai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Public Health, Shinjuku-ku, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Sadamasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Public Health, Shinjuku-ku, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3190-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koji","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Shinjuku-ku, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121510005241000_10.2.e031605.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022710"},{"key":"2025121510005241000_10.2.e031605.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12830-9"},{"key":"2025121510005241000_10.2.e031605.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70147-0"},{"key":"2025121510005241000_10.2.e031605.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2011-050354"},{"key":"2025121510005241000_10.2.e031605.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0560"},{"key":"2025121510005241000_10.2.e031605.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1303.060894"},{"key":"2025121510005241000_10.2.e031605.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1407.080017"},{"key":"2025121510005241000_10.2.e031605.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200008180-00033"},{"key":"2025121510005241000_10.2.e031605.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.05.054","article-title":"An unexpected cause of chronic diarrhea","volume":"150","author":"Spinzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025121510005241000_10.2.e031605.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escol\u00e0-Verg\u00e9 L , Arando M , Vall M , et al . 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