{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T09:09:59Z","timestamp":1765703399861,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human herpesviruses induce lifelong latent infections and may reactivate as the immune system deteriorates. Recent studies have suggested that vitamin D, an essential element of bone health, may have some effect of protecting against infections, but investigations of its potential to prevent herpesvirus infection or reactivation are limited. We will review the current literature examining vitamin D and the risk of herpesvirus infections or reactivation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our systematic review will address two research questions: (1) Do deficient\/insufficient serum vitamin D levels increase the risk of herpesvirus infections and (2) Does vitamin D supplementation protect against herpesvirus infections? We will include only intervention studies with control groups, cohort studies and case-control studies. We will use subject headings and keywords to search for synonyms of \u2018vitamin D\u2019 and \u2018herpesviruses\u2019 (including herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesviruses type 6, 7 and 8) in Medline, Embase, Global Health, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the grey literature databases Open Grey, EThOS and BASE from inception to 31 August 2019. References to the included articles and relevant systematic reviews will also be examined. Two reviewers will independently screen the study titles and abstracts, and examine the full texts to decide the final eligibility. They will independently extract data from the studies and assess bias using the Cochrane Collaboration approach. A third researcher will solve any discrepancies. The results will be narratively synthesised; if an adequate number of studies is included and the homogeneity between studies is acceptable, a meta-analysis will be performed. We will assess the quality of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework, and display the results in a summary of findings table.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethical review is not required for a systematic review. We will publish the results in a peer-review journal. Any amendments to the protocol will be recorded in the supplementary section.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42019130153.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]],"date-time":"2019-10-08T07:24:45Z","timestamp":1570519485000},"page":"e031867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Vitamin D deficiency or supplementation and the risk of human herpesvirus infections or reactivation: a systematic review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4720-6738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang-Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ketaki","family":"Bhate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liam","family":"Smeeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Warren-Gash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sin\u00e9ad","family":"Langan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121401054906000_9.10.e031867.1","unstructured":"Knipe DM , Howley P . 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