{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T14:54:10Z","timestamp":1773327250312,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000034","name":"Institute of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Addiction","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["162063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["162063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000034","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the context of the opioid crisis in North America, the benefits of evidence-based opioid agonist treatments such as buprenorphine\/naloxone have not been optimised due to low uptake. Numerous factors contribute to the underuse of buprenorphine, and theory-informed approaches to identify and address implementation barriers and facilitators are needed. This scoping review aims to characterise the barriers and facilitators at the patient, healthcare professional, organisation and system level according to the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), and identify gaps to inform practice and policy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We will conduct a scoping review using established methods and follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews. We will identify English and French-language peer-reviewed literature by searching five electronic bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsychINFO, CINAHL, and SocINDEX), from inception and use Google, websites of key organisations, and two or more custom search engines to identify relevant grey literature. Eligible records will be quantitative or qualitative studies that examine barriers and facilitators to buprenorphine use at the patient, healthcare professional, organisation and system level, and involve participants with diagnosis of opioid use disorder or professionals involved in their care. Two reviewers will be involved in independently screening, reviewing and charting the data and calibration exercises will be conducted at each stage. We will conduct descriptive analysis for the charted data, and deductively code barriers and facilitators using the TDF.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As a scoping review of the literature, this study does not require ethics approval. Our dissemination strategy will focus on developing tailored activities to meet the needs of diverse knowledge user audiences. Barriers and facilitators mapped to the TDF can be linked to evidence-based strategies for change to improve buprenorphine use and access, and enable practice to reduce opioid-related harms.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T05:35:19Z","timestamp":1576474519000},"page":"e032285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Barriers and facilitators to buprenorphine use for opioid agonist treatment: protocol for a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8374-6518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela","family":"Leece","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion, Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Triti","family":"Khorasheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion, Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Corace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Strike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M","family":"Bayoumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheena","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knowledge Services, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Pach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knowledge Services, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Ahamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Grennell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Holowaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Manson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion, Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon E","family":"Straus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101811513994000_9.12.e032285.1","first-page":"1419","article-title":"Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths - United States, 2013 - 2017","volume":"67","author":"Scholl","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025101811513994000_9.12.e032285.2","unstructured":"Special Advisory Committee on the Epidemic of Opioid Overdoses . National report: apparent opioid-related deaths in Canada (January to September 2018) [Internet]. Ottawa, ON: Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2019. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/apparent-opioid-related-deaths-report-2016-2017-december.html"},{"key":"2025101811513994000_9.12.e032285.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2018.1546862","article-title":"Development of a cascade of care for responding to the opioid epidemic","volume":"45","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"2025101811513994000_9.12.e032285.4","unstructured":"CRISM National Guideline Review Committee . CRISM national guideline for the clinical management of opioid use disorder [Internet]. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Institute for Health Research (CIHR), 2017. 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BC opioid substitution treatment system: performance measures 2014\/2015-2015\/2016. Vancouver, BC: Office of the Provincial Health Officer, 2017. 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