{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:31:08Z","timestamp":1790962268052,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009491","name":"Royal National Lifeboat Institution","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009491","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the incidence of unintentional fatal drowning and describe associated risk factors among Lake Victoria fishing communities, and to assess perceived social, financial and other impacts among families and colleagues of persons who drowned.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective, observational mixed-methods study, conducted between September 2017 and February 2018.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight Tanzanian fishing communities on Lake Victoria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persons who drowned in the preceding 24 months were identified using an extensive community networking approach. Adult family members, colleagues or community members familiar with the habits and behaviours of people who drowned and\/or circumstances of drowning incidents participated in surveys (n=44) and in-depth interviews (n=22).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pooled drowning incidence, with sensitivity analyses allowing for uncertainties in population estimates. Risk factors were identified through the evaluation of behavioural characteristics of persons who drowned and circumstances of drowning incidents. Perceived socioeconomic impacts were assessed through semi-structured interviews with their family members and colleagues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The estimated drowning incidence was 217\/100 000 person-years (95% CI 118 to 425\/100 000). Of 86 victims identified, 70 (81%) were fishermen (79% aged 18\u201340 years; all men) and 9 were children (all \u226410 years). All deaths occurred in the lake. Most adults (65\/77; 84%) were fishing from a boat when they drowned; 57\/77 (74%) died in the evening (from ~5 pm) or at night. Six children (67%) drowned while swimming\/playing at the lakeshore unsupervised. Few victims (2\/86; 2%) were wearing a life jacket at the time of death. Reported socioeconomic impacts of these deaths ranged from income loss to family break-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drowning is a significant risk in Tanzanian lakeside fishing communities, with estimated mortality exceeding national incidence rates of fatal malaria, tuberculosis or HIV, but preventative strategies appear uncommon. Socioeconomic impact at the family level may be substantial. Intervention strategies are required to reduce the drowning burden among this neglected at-risk population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T05:35:51Z","timestamp":1576474551000},"page":"e032428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Drowning among fishing communities on the Tanzanian shore of lake Victoria: a mixed-methods study to examine incidence, risk factors and socioeconomic impact"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2353-2352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilary S","family":"Whitworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Pando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amen","family":"Moshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otto","family":"Rocky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Happiness","family":"Mahanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mtoro","family":"Jabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Ayieko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saidi","family":"Kapiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiner","family":"Grosskurth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Watson-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121403142434000_9.12.e032428.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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Estimating drowning mortality in Tanzania: A systematic review and meta-analysis of existing data sources"},{"key":"2025121403142434000_9.12.e032428.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.7.1.46"},{"key":"2025121403142434000_9.12.e032428.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/17457300.2016.1200629","article-title":"Drowning among the lakeside fishing communities in Uganda: results of a community survey","volume":"24","author":"Kobusingye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot"},{"key":"2025121403142434000_9.12.e032428.11","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Global report on drowning: preventing a leading killer; 2014."},{"key":"2025121403142434000_9.12.e032428.12","unstructured":"World Bank . 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