{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T17:35:27Z","timestamp":1778088927283,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","funder":[{"name":"British Red Cross"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore factors influencing confidence and willingness among laypersons in the UK to act in a head injury situation, in order to inform first aid education offered by the British Red Cross.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Qualitative focus group study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>South East England.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-four laypersons (37 women, 7 men) were purposively recruited from the general public using snowball sampling, into one focus group each for six population groups: parents of young children (n=8), informal carers of older adults (n=7), school staff (n=7), sports coaches (n=2), young adults (n=9) and \u2018other\u2019 adults (n=11). The median (range) age group across the sample was 25\u201334 years (18\u201324, 84\u201395). Participants were from Asian (n=6), Black (n=6), Mixed (n=2) and White (n=30) ethnic backgrounds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The majority of participants described being confident and willing to act in a head injury scenario if that meant calling for assistance, but did not feel sufficiently confident or knowledgeable to assist or make decisions in a more involved way. Individuals\u2019 confidence and willingness presented as fluid and dependent on an interplay of situational and contextual considerations, which strongly impacted decision-making: prior knowledge and experience, characteristics of the injured person, un\/observed head injury, and location and environment. These considerations may be framed as enablers or barriers to helping behaviour, impacting decision-making to the same extent as\u2014or even more so than\u2014the clinical signs and symptoms of head injury. An individual conceptual model is proposed to illustrate inter-relationships between these factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings show that confidence and willingness to act in a head injury scenario are dependent on several contextual and situational factors. It is important to address such factors, in addition to knowledge of clinical signs and symptoms, in first aid education and training to improve confidence and willingness to act.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T07:49:18Z","timestamp":1572940158000},"page":"e033531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Confidence and willingness among laypersons in the UK to act in a head injury situation: a qualitative focus group study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5419-6713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan Tino","family":"Kulnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Kingston University and St George's, University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Halter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Kingston University and St George's, University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Hilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Kingston University and St George's, University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aidan","family":"Baron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Kingston University and St George's, University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Garner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Talbot Primary School, Bournemouth, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Jarman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Klaassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Red Cross, London, UK"},{"name":"Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0087-3285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Red Cross, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121220573986000_9.11.e033531.1","unstructured":"NICE . 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