{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T09:48:15Z","timestamp":1788515295846,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]],"date-time":"2020-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586736000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001773","name":"University of New South Wales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Independent Learning Project \/ Honours Scheme, Fac"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Independent Learning Project \/ Honours Scheme, Fac"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001773","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000905","name":"Commonwealth Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-2019 Harkness Fellowship in Health Care Polic"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-2019 Harkness Fellowship in Health Care Polic"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000905","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sydney Children's Hospital Foundation","award":["PhD Scholarship - Dr Michael Coffey"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD Scholarship - Dr Michael Coffey"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001030","name":"National Heart Foundation of Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Future Leader Fellowship (101229) - A\/Prof Nadine"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Future Leader Fellowship (101229) - A\/Prof Nadine"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Australian Government Department of Education and Training","award":["Australian Postgraduate Award - Dr Michael Coffey"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Australian Postgraduate Award - Dr Michael Coffey"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chronic gastrointestinal and respiratory conditions of childhood can have long-lasting physical, psychosocial and economic effects on children and their families. Alterations in diet and intestinal and respiratory microbiomes may have important implications for physical and psychosocial health. Diet influences the intestinal microbiome and should be considered when exploring disease-specific alterations. The concepts of gut-brain and gut-lung axes provide novel perspectives for examining chronic childhood disease(s). We established the \u2018\n                      <jats:underline>E<\/jats:underline>\n                      valuating the\n                      <jats:underline>A<\/jats:underline>\n                      limentary and\n                      <jats:underline>R<\/jats:underline>\n                      espiratory\n                      <jats:underline>T<\/jats:underline>\n                      racts in\n                      <jats:underline>H<\/jats:underline>\n                      ealth and disease\u2019 (EARTH) research programme to provide a structured, holistic evaluation of children with chronic gastrointestinal and\/or respiratory conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The EARTH programme provides a framework for a series of prospective, longitudinal, controlled, observational studies (comprised of individual substudies), conducted at an Australian tertiary paediatric hospital (the methodology is applicable to other settings). Children with a chronic gastrointestinal and\/or respiratory condition will be compared with age and gender matched healthy controls (HC) across a 12-month period. The following will be collected at baseline, 6 and 12 months: (i) stool, (ii) oropharyngeal swab\/sputum, (iii) semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, (iv) details of disease symptomatology, (v) health-related quality of life and (vi) psychosocial factors. Data on the intestinal and respiratory microbiomes and diet will be compared between children with a condition and HC. Correlations between dietary intake (energy, macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients), intestinal and respiratory microbiomes within each group will be explored. Data on disease symptomatology, quality of life and psychosocial factors will be compared between condition and HC cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Results will be hypothesis-generating and direct future focussed studies. There is future potential for direct translation into clinical care, as diet is a highly modifiable factor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethics approval: Sydney Children\u2019s Hospitals Network Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC\/18\/SCHN\/26). Results will be presented at international conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT04071314\">NCT04071314<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T05:05:22Z","timestamp":1586927122000},"page":"e033916","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Evaluating the Alimentary and Respiratory Tracts in Health and disease (EARTH) research programme: a protocol for prospective, longitudinal, controlled, observational studies in children with chronic disease at an Australian tertiary paediatric hospital"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04071314","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5543-9438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J","family":"Coffey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle R","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Doumit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Sydney Children\u2019s Hospital Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory, Sydney Children\u2019s Hospital Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick & Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sacha","family":"Stelzer-Braid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Virology Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shafagh A","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis (miCF) Research Centre\u00ae, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine A","family":"Kasparian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Cincinnati Children\u2019s Center for Heart Disease and the Developing Mind, Heart Institute and the Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center & Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Jaffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis (miCF) Research Centre & Department of Respiratory, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamarah","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Sydney Children\u2019s Hospital Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chee Y","family":"Ooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis (miCF) Research Centre & Department of Respiratory, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1658"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004356-197801000-00002"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310716"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.096651.109"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsq104"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22831","article-title":"Are children with chronic illnesses requiring dietary therapy at risk for disordered eating or eating disorders? A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Conviser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.7","unstructured":"Saxby N , Painter C , Kench A . Nutrition guidelines for cystic fibrosis in Australia and New Zealand. Sydney: Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2017."},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00838","article-title":"The impact of Western diet and nutrients on the microbiota and immune response at mucosal interfaces","volume":"8","author":"Statovci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2179"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.05.005"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2000.tb124123.x","article-title":"Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis in Victoria: 10 years' experience (1989-1998)","volume":"172","author":"Massie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2018.03.011","article-title":"Dietary intake of energy-dense, nutrient-poor and nutrient-dense food sources in children with cystic fibrosis","volume":"17","author":"Sutherland","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24857","article-title":"Disrupted progression of the intestinal microbiota with age in children with cystic fibrosis","volume":"6","author":"Nielsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000683","article-title":"Intestinal inflammation and impact on growth in children with cystic fibrosis","volume":"60","author":"Dhaliwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12842","article-title":"Elevated fecal M2-pyruvate kinase in children with cystic fibrosis: a clue to the increased risk of intestinal malignancy in adulthood?","volume":"30","author":"Pang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3842-2","article-title":"Fecal human \u03b2-defensin 2 in children with cystic fibrosis: is there a diminished intestinal innate immune response?","volume":"60","author":"Ooi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/512926"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304462"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31828b36d8","article-title":"Serum lipase as an early predictor of severity in pediatric acute pancreatitis","volume":"56","author":"Coffey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.13063","article-title":"Is there a role for stool metabolomics in cystic fibrosis?","volume":"58","author":"Kaakoush","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2015.08.003"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.2009.abs"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.23","first-page":"352","article-title":"Sleep apnoea in the child","volume":"44","author":"Nixon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust Fam Physician"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00184314"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35405"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2017-0086OC"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00020-18","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia and hypercapnia, a hallmark of obstructive sleep apnea, alters the gut microbiome and metabolome","volume":"3","author":"Tripathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06672"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.01.019"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201801-0119OC","article-title":"Severe obstructive sleep apnea is associated with alterations in the nasal microbiome and an increase in inflammation","volume":"199","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124172"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2015.10.012"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305923110"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-318131"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.122705.111"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.1"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21819","article-title":"What can the gut microbiome teach us about the connections between child physical and mental health? A systematic review","volume":"61","author":"Kan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2016.09.007"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2016.1176988"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579419000087","article-title":"Mind and gut: associations between mood and gastrointestinal distress in children exposed to adversity","volume":"32","author":"Callaghan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-303"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7545.807"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1218190"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01996-06"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1942268"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.48","unstructured":"Hubbell SP . The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2001."},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16532"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-6-62"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.26"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.495","article-title":"Validation of overweight children's fruit and vegetable intake using plasma carotenoids","volume":"17","author":"Burrows","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2012.09.021","article-title":"Comparison of energy intake in toddlers assessed by food frequency questionnaire and total energy expenditure measured by the doubly labeled water method","volume":"113","author":"Collins","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000414"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31823c9b88"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-010-9730-5"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.016"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.58","unstructured":"Hyams JS , Di Lorenzo C , Saps M , et al . Functional disorders: children and adolescents. Gastroenterology 2016."},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(03)00200-6"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.106.2.280"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.61","first-page":"237","article-title":"The development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents","volume":"5","author":"Angold","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.62","first-page":"251","article-title":"Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents: factor composition and structure across development","volume":"5","author":"Messer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.63","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of statistics . Socio-Economic indexes for areas (SEIFA) technical paper 2016. Canberra: ABS, 2016."},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq461"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3721-7","article-title":"Vipie: web pipeline for parallel characterization of viral populations from multiple NGS samples","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.985"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1511"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11053"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.08.001","article-title":"The gut microbiota in the first decade of life","volume":"27","author":"Derrien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00036-17","article-title":"The first microbial colonizers of the human gut: composition, activities, and health implications of the infant gut microbiota","volume":"81","author":"Milani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.14.72","article-title":"Cytokine production associated with smallpox vaccine responses","volume":"6","author":"Simon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12509","article-title":"Rapid changes in serum cytokines and chemokines in response to inactivated influenza vaccination","volume":"12","author":"Talaat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2016.09.004"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/mehd.v26.27663"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01646.x"},{"key":"2025121515254469000_10.4.e033916.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(99)00009-X"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033916","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T23:26:02Z","timestamp":1765841162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033916"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033916"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033916","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}}}