{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:50:27Z","timestamp":1793397027693,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,29]],"date-time":"2020-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582934400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005366","name":"Universitetet i Oslo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NOMA Grant_2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NOMA Grant_2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To assess the risk of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) and find out its associated factors among subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) of Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design, setting and participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This cross-sectional study recruited 1200 subjects with T2D who visited 16 centres of Health Care Development Project run by Diabetic Association of Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Risk of DFU was assessed using a modified version of International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) Risk Classification System. The modified system was based on five parameters, namely peripheral neuropathy (PN), peripheral arterial diseases (PAD), deformity, ulcer history and amputation. The risks were categorised as group 0 (no PN, no PAD), group 1 (PN, no PAD and no deformity), group 2A (PN and deformity, no PAD), group 2B (PAD), group 3A (ulcer history) and group 3B (amputation). The associated factors of DFU risk were determined using multinomial logistic regression for each risk category separately.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, 44.5% of the subjects were found \u2018at risk\u2019 of DFU. This risk was higher among men (45.6%) than women and among those who lived in rural areas (45.5%) as compared with the urban population. According to IWGDF categories, the risk was distributed as 55.5%, 4.2%, 11.6%, 0.3%, 20.6% and 7.9% for group 0, group 1, group 2A, group 2B, group 3A and group 3B, respectively. The associated factors of DFU (OR &gt;1) were age \u226550 years, rural area, low economic status, insulin use, history of trauma, diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A significant number of the subjects with T2D under study were at risk of DFU, which demands an effective screening programme to reduce DFU-related morbidity and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,29]],"date-time":"2020-02-29T07:25:12Z","timestamp":1582961112000},"page":"e034058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Risk of diabetic foot ulcer and its associated factors among Bangladeshi subjects: a multicentric cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2395-9049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Palash Chandra","family":"Banik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Medicine, Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9281-3839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingkan","family":"Barua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2144-7111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Moniruzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Medicine, Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajib","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhana","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Medicine, Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liaquat","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101810463786000_10.2.e034058.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047"},{"key":"2025101810463786000_10.2.e034058.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.03.024"},{"key":"2025101810463786000_10.2.e034058.3","unstructured":"Hutchinson A , McIntosh A , Feder G , et al . Clinical guidelines and evidence review for type 2 diabetes: prevention and management of foot problems. London: Royal College of General Practitioners, 2000. www.rcgp.org.uk\/clinspec\/guidelines\/diabetes\/contents.asp"},{"key":"2025101810463786000_10.2.e034058.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.13.128371"},{"key":"2025101810463786000_10.2.e034058.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saquib N , Saquib J , Ahmed T , et al . Cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies between 1995 and 2010. BMC Public Health 2012;12.doi:10.1186\/1471-2458-12-434","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-434"},{"key":"2025101810463786000_10.2.e034058.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.02989.x"},{"key":"2025101810463786000_10.2.e034058.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eleftheriadou I , Tsapogas P , Tentolouris A , et al . Atlas of the diabetic foot. 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