{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T10:52:54Z","timestamp":1770288774693,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine if topical beta-blocker use is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in patients with glaucoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using the database from Taiwan\u2019s National Health Insurance programme.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 12\u2009336 newly diagnosed patients with glaucoma from January 2000 to December 2010 were included. The patients with glaucoma were subdivided into two cohorts according to whether they used topical beta-blockers or combination drugs (BBCDs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study endpoints included pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, stroke and coronary artery disease (CAD). Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs for the endpoints of both cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The BBCD cohort had a slightly higher risk of acute respiratory failure (adjusted HRs=1.16, 95%\u2009CI 1.00 to 1.34) and lower risk of CAD (aHR=0.93, 95%\u2009CI 0.87 to 0.99) than the non-BBCD cohort. Additionally, the risk of stroke was significantly higher in BBCD cohort than in the non-BBCD cohort (aHR=1.39, 95%\u2009CI 1.23 to 1.58), especially the ischaemic stroke (aHR=1.44, 95%\u2009CI 1.26 to 1.64; aHR=1.44, 98.75%\u2009CI 1.21 to 1.71). After considering the multiplicative interaction of age and sex, the BBCD cohort do not have higher risk of all outcomes than the non-BBCD cohort. Further time-dependent regression analysis revealed BBCD cohort had higher risk of acute respiratory failure (aHR=1.17, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.35) and ischaemic stroke (aHR=1.44, 95% CI 1.26 to 1.65) than non-BBCD cohort. However, after considering the multiplicative interaction of age and sex, the BBCD cohort had no significantly higher risk of all outcomes than the non-BBCD cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Topical beta-blocker is not associated with increased risks of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in patients with glaucoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T02:25:16Z","timestamp":1595471116000},"page":"e034361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association between topical beta-blockers and risks of cardiovascular and respiratory disease in patients with glaucoma: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hsin-Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu-Jen University, New Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Cheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu-Jen University, New Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Min-Min Eye Clinic, Chang-Hwa, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Li","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6368-3676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Hung","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center of Augmented Intelligence in Healthcare, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121602173841000_10.7.e034361.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081224"},{"key":"2025121602173841000_10.7.e034361.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e514","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000381","article-title":"The prevalence and the incidence of diagnosed open-angle glaucoma and diagnosed angle-closure glaucoma: changes from 2001 to 2010","volume":"25","author":"Chiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"2025121602173841000_10.7.e034361.3","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effects of topical antiglaucoma drugs as monotherapy on the ocular surface: a prospective study","volume":"2014","author":"Aydin Kurna","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025121602173841000_10.7.e034361.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.07.004"},{"key":"2025121602173841000_10.7.e034361.5","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Welfare Central Health Insurance Agency . 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