{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T13:33:31Z","timestamp":1793021611319,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583712000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overweight\/obesity among women is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, postpartum haemorrhage, low birth weight, congenital malformation and neonatal deaths. Although the magnitude of overweight and obesity among the reproductive age group women is a common problem in Ethiopia, there are limited studies that determine the associated factors of overweight and obesity at the national level. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the determinant factors of overweight\/obesity among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-pregnant women aged 15\u201349 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary outcome<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overweight\/obesity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present study used the Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) data for 2016. A total of 10 938 non\n                      <jats:bold>-<\/jats:bold>\n                      pregnant reproductive age group women were included in the analysis. Both bivariable and multivariable multilevel logistic regression were performed to determine the determinants of overweight and obesity among women in Ethiopia. The OR with a 95% CI was estimated for potential determinants included in the final model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Those women with secondary education (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.48, 1.01, 2.18), higher education (AOR=1.78, 1.13, 2.81), richer (AOR=1.85, 1.15, 2.98) and richest wealth index (AOR=3.23, 1.98, 5.29), urban residence (AOR=4.46, 2.89, 6.87), married (AOR=1.79, 1.21, 2.64), widowed (AOR=2.42, 1.41, 4.15), divorced (AOR=1.84, 1.13, 3.00), aged 25\u201334 years (AOR=2.04, 1.43, 2.89), 35\u201344 years (AOR=2.79, 1.99, 3.93) and 45\u201349 years (AOR=2.62, 1.54, 4.45) had higher odds of developing overweight and obesity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women with higher education level, high wealth status, older age, formerly married and those urban dwellers had higher odds of overweight and obesity. Therefore, regular physical activity, reducing consumption of fat\/energy-dense food as well as modifying the mode of transportation is recommended.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T14:35:54Z","timestamp":1583850954000},"page":"e034963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Determinants of overweight\/obesity among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia: multilevel analysis of Ethiopian demographic and health survey"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4587-7925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yigizie","family":"Yeshaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physiology, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sewnet Adem","family":"Kebede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alemneh Mekuriaw","family":"Liyew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6812-1659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Getayeneh Antehunegn","family":"Tesema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9407-4630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chilot Desta","family":"Agegnehu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7572-9993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achamyeleh Birhanu","family":"Teshale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adugnaw Zeleke","family":"Alem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(14)60460-8"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Obesity and overweight, 2018. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1081"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1002\/2327-6924.12510","article-title":"Obesity: risk factors, complications, and strategies for sustainable long-term weight management.","volume":"29","author":"Fruh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Nurse Pract"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.5","first-page":"395","article-title":"Obesity: a disabling disease or a condition favoring disability?","volume":"49","author":"Capodaglio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-1"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12288"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2011.01.100076"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.004820"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3110-1"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.12","first-page":"133","article-title":"Prevalence of overweight and obesity among office-based urban civil servants in southern nations, nationalities and peoples\u2019 region, Ethiopia","volume":"57","author":"Yohannes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ethiop Med J"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S179699","article-title":"Factors associated with overweight and obesity among adults in northeast Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study]","volume":"12","author":"Dagne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes, Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40608-019-0227-7","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity among adults in Hawassa city, southern Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"Darebo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Obes"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-1"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v9.30204","article-title":"Health at the borders : Bayesian multilevel analysis of women \u2019 s malnutrition determinants in Ethiopia Health at the borders : Bayesian multilevel analysis of women \u2019 s malnutrition determinants in Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"Delbiso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd15.170401","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of overweight and obesity among Kenyan women","volume":"15","author":"Mkuu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.332","article-title":"First nationwide survey of prevalence of overweight, underweight, and abdominal obesity in Iranian adults","volume":"15","author":"Janghorbani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3110-1"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.21","unstructured":"Zerfu TA . Ethiopia demographic and health survey 2017."},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.22","unstructured":"Authority CS . 2007 population and housing census of Ethiopia, 2012."},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-15-1"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044604"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.25","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Obesity and overweight. Available: http:\/\/ www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs311\/en\/ [Accessed 2017]."},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd14.160282","article-title":"Parity and Overweight\/Obesity in Peruvian women","volume":"14","author":"Huayanay-Espinoza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.131599"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.28","first-page":"92","article-title":"Dual burden of underweight and overweight among women in Bangladesh: patterns, prevalence, and sociodemographic correlates","volume":"33","author":"Kamal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.29","first-page":"3","article-title":"Double burden of malnutrition among Bangladeshi women: a literature review","volume":"9","author":"Hasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldr002"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020089"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2012.01017.x"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.33","first-page":"804","article-title":"Factors associated with being underweight, overweight and obese among ever-married non-pregnant urban women in Bangladesh","volume":"50","author":"Khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neupane S , Prakash KC , Doku DT . Overweight and obesity among women : analysis of demographic and health survey data from 32 Sub-Saharan African Countries. BMC Public Health 2016:1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2698-5"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.103","article-title":"Household wealth status and overweight and obesity among adult women in Bangladesh and Nepal","volume":"3","author":"Bishwajit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes Sci Pract"},{"key":"2025121410055160000_10.3.e034963.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/964236","article-title":"Overweight and obesity epidemic in developing countries: a problem with diet, physical activity, or socioeconomic status?","volume":"2014","author":"Bhurosy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci World J"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034963","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T18:06:00Z","timestamp":1765735560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034963"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034963"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034963","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}}}