{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:15:55Z","timestamp":1792653355997,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597622400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["209376\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["209376\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Air and noise pollution are emerging environmental health hazards in African cities, with potentially complex spatial and temporal patterns. Limited local data are a barrier to the formulation and evaluation of policies to reduce air and noise pollution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We designed a year-long measurement campaign to characterise air and noise pollution and their sources at high-resolution within the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), Ghana. Our design uses a combination of fixed (year-long, n=10) and rotating (week-long, n =~130) sites, selected to represent a range of land uses and source influences (eg, background, road traffic, commercial, industrial and residential areas, and various neighbourhood socioeconomic classes). We will collect data on fine particulate matter (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), nitrogen oxides (NO\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), weather variables, sound (noise level and audio) along with street-level time-lapse images. We deploy low-cost, low-power, lightweight monitoring devices that are robust, socially unobtrusive, and able to function in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) climate. We will use state-of-the-art methods, including spatial statistics, deep\/machine learning, and processed-based emissions modelling, to capture highly resolved temporal and spatial variations in pollution levels across the GAMA and to identify their potential sources. This protocol can serve as a prototype for other SSA cities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This environmental study was deemed exempt from full ethics review at Imperial College London and the University of Massachusetts Amherst; it was approved by the University of Ghana Ethics Committee (ECH 149\/18-19). This protocol is designed to be implementable in SSA cities to map environmental pollution to inform urban planning decisions to reduce health harming exposures to air and noise pollution. It will be disseminated through local stakeholder engagement (public and private sectors), peer-reviewed publications, contribution to policy documents, media, and conference presentations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-035798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T12:57:10Z","timestamp":1597928230000},"page":"e035798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["High-resolution spatiotemporal measurement of air and environmental noise pollution in Sub-Saharan African cities: Pathways to Equitable Health Cities Study protocol for Accra, Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8592-3466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sierra N","family":"Clark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK"},{"name":"MRC Center for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abosede S","family":"Alli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Brauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Ezzati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK"},{"name":"MRC Center for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille B","family":"Toledano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK"},{"name":"MRC Center for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison F","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Nimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine","family":"Bedford Moses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon","family":"Terkpertey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Vallarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Agyei-Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Resource Development, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernest","family":"Agyemang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Resource Development, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricky","family":"Nathvani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK"},{"name":"MRC Center for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK"},{"name":"MRC Center for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK"},{"name":"MRC Center for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Beddows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Center for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Center for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK"},{"name":"NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Barratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Center for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK"},{"name":"NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Beevers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Center for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael E","family":"Arku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121509163605000_10.8.e035798.1","unstructured":"UN . 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