{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T06:42:05Z","timestamp":1777099325674,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605571200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004493","name":"International Atomic Energy Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E4.10.16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E4.10.16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004493","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Environmental enteropathy (EE) is suspected to be a cause of growth faltering in children with sustained exposure to enteric pathogens, typically in resource-limited settings. A major hindrance to EE research is the lack of sensitive, non-invasive biomarkers. Current biomarkers measure intestinal permeability and inflammation, but not the functional capacity of the gut. Australian researchers have demonstrated proof of concept for an EE breath test based on using naturally <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-enriched sucrose, derived from maize, to assay intestinal sucrase activity, a digestive enzyme that is impaired in villus blunting. Here, we describe a coordinated research project to optimise, validate and evaluate the usability of a breath test protocol based on highly enriched <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-sucrose to quantify physiological dysfunction in EE in relevant target populations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We use the <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-sucrose breath test (<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-SBT) to evaluate intestinal sucrase activity in two phases. First, an optimisation and validation phase will (1) confirm that a <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-SBT using highly enriched sucrose tracers reports similar information to the naturally enriched <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-SBT; (2) examine the dose\u2013response relationship of the test to an intestinal sucrase inhibitor; (3) validate the <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-SBT in paediatric coeliac disease (4) validate the highly enriched <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-SBT against EE defined by biopsy in adults and (5) validate the <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-SBT against EE defined by the urinary lactulose:rhamnose ratio (LR) among children in Peru. Second, a cross-sectional study will be conducted in six resource-limited countries (Bangladesh, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Peru and Zambia) to test the usability of the optimised <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-SBT to assess EE among 600 children aged 12\u201315\u2009months old.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ethical approval will be obtained from each participating study site. By working as a consortium, the test, if shown to be informative of EE, will demonstrate strong evidence for utility across diverse, low-income and middle-income country paediatric populations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                     <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT04109352\">NCT04109352<\/jats:ext-link>; Pre-results.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-035841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T16:41:53Z","timestamp":1605631313000},"page":"e035841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Optimisation, validation and field applicability of a 13C-sucrose breath test to assess intestinal function in environmental enteropathy among children in resource poor settings: study protocol for a prospective study in Bangladesh, India, Kenya, Jamaica, Peru and Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04109352","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7889-3852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwenyth O","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Schillinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nirupama","family":"Shivakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nutrition, Saint John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherine","family":"Whyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Institute for Health Research (formerly, Tropical Medicine Research Institute), University of the West Indies at Mona, Mona, Saint Andrew, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sayeeda","family":"Huq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvenus","family":"Ochieng Konyole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Department, Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Copperbelt, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Chileshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maribel","family":"Paredes-Olortegui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Area, Asociaci\u03ccn Ben\u00e9fica Proyectos de Inform\u00e1tica, Salud, Medicina, y Agricultura (A.B. 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