{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T06:43:13Z","timestamp":1784356993043,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599177600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100024138","name":"UNOESTE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["grant no. CPDI 4088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant no. CPDI 4088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100024138","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of inmates diagnosed with infectious diseases living in a region with a high number of prisons, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a retrospective and descriptive study conducted from November 2017 to October 2018.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prisons located in the western and northwestern regions of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective analysis on infectious diseases and coinfections (HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), syphilis and tuberculosis (TB)) of inmates from 28 prisons. Inmates were previously diagnosed following the protocol for control and surveillance of infectious diseases, through laboratory or imaging methods. A questionnaire was completed by the healthcare staff. Prevalence was obtained by dividing the number of individuals with positive results by the number of inmates in each prison. Locations of prisons were obtained and maps were constructed using geographic information systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 741 of 37\u2009497 inmates (1.97%) were diagnosed with HIV, HBV, HCV, syphilis or TB. HIV was the most prevalent infectious disease (0.68%), followed by TB (0.66%), syphilis (0.2%), HCV (0.2%) and HBV (0.04%). For all of these diseases, prevalence rates varied from very low to high (3.11% and 2.45%) for TB and HIV, respectively, in the five prisons where they were most prevalent. HIV-syphilis was the most associated coinfection (OR, 63.7; 95%\u2009CI 41.4 to 96.7). Three of those diagnosed with the infection were female and the ratio of female to men was 0.004:1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings demonstrate that the number of cases of infectious disease among inmates in the northwestern and western region of S\u00e3o Paulo is probably underestimated, with lower rates of HCV, HBV and syphilis. This represents a challenge to prisoners\u2019 health. Improvements in diagnosis, mainly to reduce viral hepatitis, are crucial with benefits for inmates and the general population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-037045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T03:40:53Z","timestamp":1599450053000},"page":"e037045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of inmates diagnosed with infectious diseases living in a region with a high number of prisons in S\u00e3o Paulo state, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Charlene Troiani","family":"do Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Department, Master in Health Sciences, Oeste Paulista University, Presidente Prudente, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo Zangirolami","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Department, Master in Health Sciences, Oeste Paulista University, Presidente Prudente, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rog\u00e9rio","family":"Giuffrida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Department, Master in Health Sciences, Oeste Paulista University, Presidente Prudente, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Nobre","family":"Bandeira Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Department, Master in Health Sciences, Oeste Paulista University, Presidente Prudente, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Assis","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Department, Master in Health Sciences, Oeste Paulista University, Presidente Prudente, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edilson Ferreira","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Department, School of Sciences and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4577-1525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Euribel","family":"Prestes-Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Department, Master in Health Sciences, Oeste Paulista University, Presidente Prudente, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062608011474000_10.9.e037045.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1051269","article-title":"Vaccinations in prisons: a shot in the arm for community health","volume":"11","author":"Sequera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"2026062608011474000_10.9.e037045.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4321\/S1575-06202012000300005","article-title":"[Vaccination in the prison population: a review]","volume":"14","author":"Sequera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Esp Sanid Penit"},{"key":"2026062608011474000_10.9.e037045.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302635","article-title":"The HIV care cascade before, during, and after incarceration: a systematic review and data synthesis","volume":"105","author":"Iroh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2026062608011474000_10.9.e037045.4","unstructured":"Ministry of Justice and Public Security . 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