{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T08:29:44Z","timestamp":1775896184319,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&D Program of China, JLUSTIRT, and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory","award":["2016YFC1301600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC1301600"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&D Program of China, JLUSTIRT, and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory","award":["2017TD-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017TD-12"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&D Program of China, JLUSTIRT, and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory","award":["20190901005JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20190901005JC"]}]},{"name":"the National Health and Family Planning Commission in China","award":["GN-2016R0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GN-2016R0010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Low levels of income and education are risk factors for metabolic syndrome in the population of Northeast China, which has a high incidence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to determine sex-based differences associated with the prevalence of and risk factors for metabolic syndrome among people older than 40 years in Northeast China; this has not been previously investigated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study analysed a portion of the large sample data of the national cross-sectional screening of China from 2016. Metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of any three of the following five risk factors: abnormal waist circumference; high levels of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or fasting plasma glucose; and elevated blood pressure. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate sex-based differences in the prevalence of, and risk factors for metabolic syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study was conducted in Dehui City, Jilin Province, China.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 4052 participants with complete questionnaire information and laboratory examination results were included.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 50.1% overall (38.4% in men and 57.9% in women; p<jats:italic>&lt;<\/jats:italic>0.001). High body mass index and hip circumference were associated with metabolic syndrome in both sexes. In addition, physical inactivity (OR and 95% CI 1.44 (1.06 to 1.97); p<jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>0.022) in men and advanced age (OR and 95%\u2009CI 1.54 (1.15 to 2.04); p=0.003) in women were factors associated with metabolic syndrome. Women with junior high school education or above and living in rural areas were less likely to have metabolic syndrome. For men, education and rural or urban living had no association with metabolic syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The risk factors for metabolic syndrome have similarities and differences in different sexes; thus, the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome should be based on these sex differences.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T12:58:10Z","timestamp":1616590690000},"page":"e038671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Sex-based differences in and risk factors for metabolic syndrome in adults aged 40 years and above in Northeast China: Results from the cross-sectional China national stroke screening survey"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Feng-E","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China"},{"name":"Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, JiLin, Jilin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fu-Liang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, JiLin, Jilin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao-Yuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Ni","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9729-8522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stroke Center, Department 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