{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T08:29:43Z","timestamp":1765700983983,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613088000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Partnership Development Grant: 890-2016-0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Partnership Development Grant: 890-2016-0016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Outreach is regularly identified as an effective strategy to engage underserved, hard-to-reach and hidden populations with essential life-sustaining health services. Despite the increasing expansion of outreach programmes, particularly in HIV prevention and health promotion with youth, sex workers, people living with mental health and substance use challenges, and those affected by homelessness, there has been limited synthesis of the evidence concerning the core components of outreach programming or indicators of its successful implementation. Without this understanding, current outreach programmes may be limited in achieving the desired aims. The aim of this scoping review is to explore how outreach has been operationalised and implemented in various community settings with people underserved in current healthcare contexts. Understanding the state of knowledge pertaining to outreach as programming and as practice involving the engagement of people considered hard-to-reach will enable the identification of promising trends and limitations in the field.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review follows the Arksey and O\u2019Malley\u2019s framework. CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and PubMed databases will be searched for peer-reviewed references focused on outreach with hard-to-reach and hidden groups from 1 January 2008 to 30 April 2020. Guided by explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria, three reviewers will independently assess references in two successive stages. Titles and abstracts will be reviewed followed by full-text assessment of papers meeting the review criteria. A descriptive overview, tabular and\/or graphical summaries and a thematic analysis will be carried out on extracted data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethics approval was not required as the only data source was peer-reviewed documents. Outreach knowledge users who are members of the project team will participate in all aspects of study design, implementation and result dissemination strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T14:02:53Z","timestamp":1613138573000},"page":"e039451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring the operationalisation and implementation of outreach in community settings with hard-to-reach and hidden populations: protocol for a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2959-774X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janina","family":"Krabbe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Studies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4120-4101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunny","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Guta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4554-7109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allie","family":"Slemon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4805-1806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aman Ahluwalia","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6440-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicky","family":"Bungay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121400224162000_11.2.e039451.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691457.2011.618118"},{"key":"2025121400224162000_11.2.e039451.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdv093"},{"key":"2025121400224162000_11.2.e039451.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732304267752"},{"key":"2025121400224162000_11.2.e039451.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/800824"},{"key":"2025121400224162000_11.2.e039451.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732315609569"},{"key":"2025121400224162000_11.2.e039451.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-018-0820-2"},{"key":"2025121400224162000_11.2.e039451.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.21795","article-title":"Reclaiming our spirits: development and pilot testing of a health promotion intervention for Indigenous women who have experienced intimate partner violence","volume":"40","author":"Varcoe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"key":"2025121400224162000_11.2.e039451.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-016-1707-9","article-title":"Enhancing health care equity with Indigenous populations: evidence-based strategies from an ethnographic study","volume":"16","author":"Browne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2025121400224162000_11.2.e039451.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732313493352"},{"key":"2025121400224162000_11.2.e039451.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farmer P , Kim Y , Kleinman A . 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