{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T02:20:30Z","timestamp":1767666030358,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606176000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001782","name":"University of Melbourne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CR Roper Fellowship: 2020-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CR Roper Fellowship: 2020-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-02371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-02371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Forskningsr\u00e5det om H\u00e4lsa, Arbetsliv och V\u00e4lf\u00e4rd","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014-01654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-01654"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive impairment is recognised as an important non-motor symptom in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and there is a need for evidence-based non-pharmacological interventions that may prevent or slow cognitive decline in this patient group. One such intervention is computerised cognitive training (CCT), which has shown efficacious for cognition across older adult populations. This systematic review aims to investigate the efficacy of CCT across cognitive, psychosocial and functional domains for people with PD and examine study and intervention design factors that could moderate CCT effects on cognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Randomised controlled trials investigating the effects of CCT in patients with PD without dementia, on cognitive, psychosocial or functional outcomes, will be included. The primary outcome is overall cognitive function. Secondary outcomes are domain-specific cognitive function, psychosocial functioning and functional abilities. We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO through 14 May 2020 to identify relevant literature. Risk of bias will be assessed using the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Effect sizes will be calculated as standardised mean difference of baseline to postintervention change (Hedges\u2019\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) with 95% CI for each eligible outcome measure. Pooling of outcomes across studies will be conducted using random-effects models, accounting for dependency structure of effect sizes within studies. Heterogeneity will be assessed using \u03c4\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      and I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      statistic. Potential moderators, based on key study and intervention design factors, will be investigated using mixed-effects meta-regression models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No ethical approval is required. The findings will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42020185386.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T18:15:22Z","timestamp":1606241722000},"page":"e040656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Computerised cognitive training in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a protocol for a systematic review and updated meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3256-9018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna Malmberg","family":"Gavelin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2348-1164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Domell\u00f6f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthy Brain Ageing Program, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3450-8067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Stigsdotter","family":"Neely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Psychological Studies, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7665-1171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Finke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6522-8397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit","family":"Lampit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.27","article-title":"Cognitive decline in Parkinson disease","volume":"13","author":"Aarsland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-018-0055-3","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a report from a multidisciplinary Symposium on unmet needs and future directions to maintain cognitive health","volume":"4","author":"Goldman","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-020-09434-8","article-title":"Cognition-Oriented treatments for older adults: a systematic overview of systematic reviews","volume":"30","author":"Gavelin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968316680489","article-title":"Cognitive training in Parkinson's disease","volume":"31","author":"Walton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002145","article-title":"Cognitive training in Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Leung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968317712468","article-title":"Cognitive training and noninvasive brain stimulation for cognition in Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Lawrence","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.7","article-title":"Cognitive training interventions for dementia and mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease","volume":"2","author":"Orgeta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acz080","article-title":"The beneficial effects of computer-based cognitive training in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Nousia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001756"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16030360","article-title":"Computerized cognitive training in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"174","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319860490","article-title":"Computerized cognitive training in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Lampit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-018-9374-8","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of the effects of computerized cognitive training on executive functions: a Cross-Disciplinary taxonomy for classifying outcome cognitive factors","volume":"28","author":"Webb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-019-09415-6","article-title":"A guide to conducting a meta-analysis with Non-Independent effect sizes","volume":"29","author":"Cheung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.5","article-title":"Robust variance estimation in meta-regression with dependent effect size estimates","volume":"1","author":"Hedges","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1230","article-title":"Basics of meta-analysis: I\n                  2\n                is not an absolute measure of heterogeneity","volume":"8","author":"Borenstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d549"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.9.4.426"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4002"},{"key":"2025121409374616000_10.11.e040656.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040656","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T17:37:56Z","timestamp":1765733876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040656"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040656"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040656","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2044-6055"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2044-6055"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}}}