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A linear regression model indicated statistically significant associations between gender, health conditions, type of ED, clinical grade, access to annual and study leave, and time spent working out-of-hours. Groups including male physicians, consultants, general practitioners (GPs) within the ED, those working in paediatric EDs and those with no long-term health condition or disability had a lower NFR Score. After adjusting for these characteristics, the NFR Score increased by 3.7 (95% CI: 0.3 to 7.1) and 6.43 (95% CI: 2.0 to 10.8) for those with difficulty accessing annual and study leave, respectively. Increased percentage of out-of-hours work increased NFR Score almost linearly: 26%\u201350% out-of-hours work=5.7 (95% CI: 3.1 to 8.4); 51%\u201375% out-of-hours work=10.3 (95% CI: 7.6 to 13.0); 76%\u2013100% out-of-hours work=14.5 (95% CI: 11.0 to 17.9).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher NFR scores were observed among emergency physicians than reported in any other profession or population to date. While out-of-hours working is unavoidable, the linear relationship observed suggests that any reduction may result in NFR improvement. Evidence-based strategies to improve well-being such as proportional out-of-hours working and improved access to annual and study leave should be carefully considered and implemented where feasible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]],"date-time":"2020-11-02T08:45:10Z","timestamp":1604306710000},"page":"e041485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Need for recovery amongst emergency physicians in the UK and Ireland: a cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4045-9444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Cottey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK"},{"name":"Academic Department of Military Emergency Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4991-974X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal College of Emergency Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0005-0476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blair","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0400-2017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Horner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal College of Emergency Medicine, London, UK"},{"name":"Emergency Department, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Trust, Salford, UK"},{"name":"Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4898-1795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kara Nicola","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Statistics Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1532-8992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doyo","family":"Enki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Design Service East Midlands, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8634-7210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark David","family":"Lyttle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Applied Science, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8087-6461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos","family":"Latour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121410185773000_10.11.e041485.1","unstructured":"The King\u2019s Fund . 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