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The cohort has been traced and studied since 1994, when the first data collection started. The cohort has been interviewed and physically examined in several waves of data collection since that time, allowing repeated measures of a wide range of phenotypic information as well as the collection of biological samples (blood, urine, buccal swabs), functional testing (of heart, lungs, kidney, HPA axis) and imaging of the brain (MRI) and vasculature (ultrasound). Additionally, genetic and epigenetic information was collected. Through linkage with registries, mortality and morbidity information of the entire cohort has been obtained.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings to date<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prenatal famine exposure had lasting consequences for health in later life. The effects of famine depended on its timing during the gestation and the organs and tissues developing at that time, with most effects after exposure to famine in early gestation. The effects of famine were widespread and affected the structure and function of many organs and tissues, resulted in altered behaviour and increased risks of chronic degenerative diseases and increased mortality. The effects of famine were independent of size at birth, which suggests that programming may occur without altering size at birth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Future plans<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As the cohort ages, we will be assessing the effects of prenatal undernutrition on (brain) ageing, cognitive decline and dementia, as well as overall morbidity and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Dutch famine birth cohort is not linked to a clinical trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T13:42:23Z","timestamp":1614951743000},"page":"e042078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Cohort profile: the Dutch famine birth cohort (DFBC)\u2014 a prospective birth cohort study in the Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2949-9784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura S","family":"Bleker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7382-5749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne R","family":"de Rooij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9336-6033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca C","family":"Painter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3447-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita CJ","family":"Ravelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Informatics; 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