{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:45:12Z","timestamp":1792701912759,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615939200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The imperative for physical distancing (mostly referred to as social distancing) during COVID-19 pandemic may deteriorate physical and mental health. We aimed at summarising the strength of evidence in the published literature on the association of physical and mental health with social connection via social isolation, living alone and loneliness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic search in April 2020 to identify meta-analyses using the Medline, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases. The search strategy included terms of social isolation, loneliness, living alone and meta-analysis. Eligible meta-analyses needed to report any sort of association between an indicator of social connection and any physical or mental health outcome. The findings were summarised in a narrative synthesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-five meta-analyses met our criteria, of which 10 focused on physical health and 15 on mental health outcomes. The results suggest that lack of social connection is associated with chronic physical symptoms, frailty, coronary heart disease, malnutrition, hospital readmission, reduced vaccine uptake, early mortality, depression, social anxiety, psychosis, cognitive impairment in later life and suicidal ideation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The existing evidence clearly indicates that social connection is associated with a range of poor physical and mental health outcomes. A potential negative impact on these outcomes needs to be considered in future decisions on physical distancing measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T13:15:52Z","timestamp":1616073352000},"page":"e042335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Potential impact of physical distancing on physical and mental health: a rapid narrative umbrella review of meta-analyses on the link between social connection and health"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2331-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nexhmedin","family":"Morina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahlke","family":"Kip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6050-8696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thole Hilko","family":"Hoppen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Priebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Social and Community Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121513334218000_11.3.e042335.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30168-1","article-title":"Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science","volume":"7","author":"Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121513334218000_11.3.e042335.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216-011902"},{"key":"2025121513334218000_11.3.e042335.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-014-2977-8","article-title":"Living alone, socially isolated or Lonely\u2014What are we measuring?","volume":"29","author":"Perissinotto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2025121513334218000_11.3.e042335.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691614568352"},{"key":"2025121513334218000_11.3.e042335.5","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine . 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