{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T14:00:06Z","timestamp":1783692006378,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609200000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018090","name":"Bayer Korea Ltd.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine healthcare resource utilisation (HRU) and direct medical costs for patients with diabetic macular oedema (DME) treated with antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) in Korea by comparing with those for (1) patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) without retinopathy and (2) patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) treated with anti-VEGF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Korean National Health Insurance (NHI) database from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2016.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 1398 patients older than 30 years of age who received anti-VEGF treatment for DME in 2015 after excluding patients who had a diagnosis of nAMD in 2015 and any cancer in the preceding year.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One-year healthcare resource use and direct medical costs of patients with DME treated with anti-VEGF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 1398 patients with DME receiving anti-VEGF, 12 813 patients with DM without retinopathy and 12 222 patients with nAMD receiving anti-VEGF were identified. Hospital admissions and outpatient visits were highest in patients with DME, while the number of licensed anti-VEGF injections in those with DME was about half that of those with nAMD (2.1 vs 3.9 per patient per year). Mean 1-year medical costs were also higher in patients with DME (US$6723) than in those with DM without retinopathy (US$2687) and nAMD (US$4980). In a multivariable analysis with matched cohorts, DME was associated with 66% higher medical costs for comorbid diseases (adjusted OR (aOR), 1.66; 95% CI 1.45 to 1.90) and 50% lower anti-VEGF injections (aOR, 0.50; 95% CI 0.46 to 0.54) compared with nAMD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall HRU and economic burden for DME treated with anti-VEGF were higher than for DM without retinopathy or for nAMD treated with anti-VEGF. Meanwhile, the lower number of licensed anti-VEGF injections compared with nAMD may reflect a potential lack of ophthalmological treatment for DME supported by the NHI in Korea.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T12:12:24Z","timestamp":1609243944000},"page":"e042484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Burden of diabetic macular oedema in patients receiving antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy in South Korea: a healthcare resource use and cost analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9429-8711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ha-Lim","family":"Jeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6556-9984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyesung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9369-0789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongwon","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeonkyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayer Korea Ltd, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8121-6353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Hui","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kim's Eye Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghyun","family":"Jee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2791-1037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju-Young","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121422401344000_10.12.e042484.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2010.482503"},{"key":"2025121422401344000_10.12.e042484.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.12.1748"},{"key":"2025121422401344000_10.12.e042484.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.122416"},{"key":"2025121422401344000_10.12.e042484.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)31052-4"},{"key":"2025121422401344000_10.12.e042484.5","unstructured":"Klein RKB , Moss SE . 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