{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T05:35:18Z","timestamp":1764999318710,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HIV coinfection presents a challenge for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Invasive splenic or bone marrow aspiration with microscopic visualisation of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      parasites remains the gold standard for diagnosis of VL in HIV-coinfected patients. Furthermore, a test of cure by splenic or bone marrow aspiration is required as patients with VL-HIV infection are at a high risk of treatment failure. However, there remain financial, implementation and safety costs to these invasive techniques which severely limit their use under field conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aim to evaluate blood and skin qPCR, peripheral blood buffy coat smear microscopy and urine antigen ELISA as non-invasive or minimally invasive alternatives for diagnosis and post-treatment test of cure for VL in HIV-coinfected patients in India, using a sample of 91 patients with parasitologically confirmed symptomatic VL-HIV infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethical approval for this study has been granted by The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, The Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp, the University of Antwerp and the Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science in Patna. Any future publications will be published in open access journals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CTRI\/2019\/03\/017908.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T11:35:31Z","timestamp":1619782531000},"page":"e042519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of qPCR on blood and skin microbiopsies, peripheral blood buffy coat smear, and urine antigen ELISA for diagnosis and test of cure for visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-coinfected patients in India: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0458-2357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie I","family":"Owen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3410-8541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakib","family":"Burza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiril","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Research, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neena","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Research, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6788-2835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raman","family":"Mahajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Harshana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5930-2458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishna","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Research, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristien","family":"Cloots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Research, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120521325906000_11.4.e042519.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1309-8"},{"key":"2025120521325906000_11.4.e042519.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix807","article-title":"Long-Term clinical outcomes in visceral Leishmaniasis\/Human immunodeficiency virus-coinfected patients during and after pentamidine secondary prophylaxis in Ethiopia: a single-arm clinical trial","volume":"66","author":"Diro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025120521325906000_11.4.e042519.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1292-0","article-title":"Feasibility of eliminating visceral leishmaniasis from the Indian subcontinent: explorations with a set of deterministic age-structured transmission models","volume":"9","author":"Le Rutte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2025120521325906000_11.4.e042519.4","unstructured":"National AIDS Control Organisation, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India . National Strategic Plan for HIV\/AIDS and STI 2017 - 2024, 2017. Available: http:\/\/naco.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/Paving the Way for an AIDS 15122017.pdf [Accessed 11 Apr 2018]."},{"key":"2025120521325906000_11.4.e042519.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32835c2198"},{"key":"2025120521325906000_11.4.e042519.6","unstructured":"National AIDS Control Organization & ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics . India HIV estimations 2017: technical report, 2018. Available: http:\/\/naco.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/HIV Estimations 2017 Report_1.pdf [Accessed 27 Nov 2018]."},{"key":"2025120521325906000_11.4.e042519.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu333"},{"key":"2025120521325906000_11.4.e042519.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006375"},{"key":"2025120521325906000_11.4.e042519.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0722-x"},{"key":"2025120521325906000_11.4.e042519.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)31204-2"},{"key":"2025120521325906000_11.4.e042519.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.006"},{"key":"2025120521325906000_11.4.e042519.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00386-18"},{"key":"2025120521325906000_11.4.e042519.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002583"},{"key":"2025120521325906000_11.4.e042519.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw022"},{"key":"2025120521325906000_11.4.e042519.15","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Visceral leishmaniasis rapid diagnostic test performance WHO diagnostic evaluation series, 2011. Available: http:\/\/www.who.int\/tdr\/publications\/documents\/vl-rdt-evaluation.pdf.%5Cnpapers2:\/\/publication\/uuid\/285CD644-B096-4FED-AB60-1D3330E6D024"},{"key":"2025120521325906000_11.4.e042519.16","first-page":"CD009135","article-title":"Rapid tests for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients with suspected disease","author":"Boelaert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025120521325906000_11.4.e042519.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.929"},{"key":"2025120521325906000_11.4.e042519.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185606"},{"key":"2025120521325906000_11.4.e042519.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2017.02.005","article-title":"Minimally invasive microbiopsies: a novel sampling method for identifying asymptomatic, potentially infectious carriers of Leishmania donovani","volume":"47","author":"Kirstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042519","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T05:33:08Z","timestamp":1764999188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042519"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042519","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2044-6055"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2044-6055"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}}}