{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T08:03:37Z","timestamp":1792224217294,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]],"date-time":"2021-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615680000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014609","name":"Public Health Wales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014609","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There has been an unprecedented rise in infant mortality associated with deprivation in recent years in the United Kingdom (UK) and Republic of Ireland. A healthy pregnancy can have significant impacts on the life chances of children. The objective of this review was to understand the association between individual-level and household-level measures of socioeconomic status and adverse pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review and meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nine databases were searched (Medline, Embase, Scopus, ASSIA, CINAHL, PsycINFO, BNI, MIDRIS and Google Scholar) for articles published between 1999 and August 2019. Grey literature searches were also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study selection criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies reporting associations between individual-level or household socioeconomic factors on pregnancy outcomes in the UK or Ireland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the 82\u2009353 search results, 53\u2009821 titles were identified and 35 unique studies met the eligibility criteria. Outcomes reported were neonatal, perinatal and maternal mortality, preterm birth, birth weight and mode of delivery. Pooled effect sizes were calculated using random-effects meta-analysis. There were significantly increased odds of women from lower levels of occupation\/social classes compared with the highest level having stillbirth (OR 1.40, 95%\u2009CI 1.23 to 1.59, I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>98.62%<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), neonatal mortality (OR 1.39, 95%\u2009CI 1.22 to 1.57, I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>97.09%<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), perinatal mortality (OR 1.39, 95%\u2009CI 1.23 to 1.57, I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>98.69%<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), preterm birth (OR 1.41, 95%\u2009CI 1.33 to 1.50, I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>70.97%<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and low birth weight (OR 1.40, 95%\u2009CI 1.19 to 1.61, I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>99.85%<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Limitations relate to available data, unmeasured confounders and the small number of studies for some outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review identified consistent evidence that lower occupational status, especially manual occupations and unemployment, were significantly associated with increased risk of multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes. Strategies to improve pregnancy outcomes should incorporate approaches that address wider determinants of health to provide women and families with the best chances of having a healthy pregnancy and baby and to decrease pregnancy-related health inequalities in the general population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO CRD42019140893.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T11:42:36Z","timestamp":1615808556000},"page":"e042753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Socioeconomic inequalities and adverse pregnancy outcomes in the UK and Republic of Ireland: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9614-728X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Thomson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm","family":"Moffat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwatomi","family":"Arisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amrita","family":"Jesurasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Division, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Richmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adefisayo","family":"Odeniyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Bambra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"},{"name":"Fuse, The Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Rankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"},{"name":"Fuse, The Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"},{"name":"Fuse, The Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Improvement Division, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Wing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Improvement Division, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"McNaughton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Improvement Division, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Heslehurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"},{"name":"Fuse, The Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m693"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029424"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002717","article-title":"Small for gestational age and risk of childhood mortality: a Swedish population study","volume":"15","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-2533"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0860"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12430"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.05.012"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1474746418000015","article-title":"Which types of family are at risk of food poverty in the UK? A relative deprivation approach","volume":"18","author":"O'Connell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Policy Soc"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.9","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities","volume":"121","author":"Bambra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.10","unstructured":"Global Health Observatory . Child mortality levels: number of deaths (by country), 2019. Available: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/gho\/data\/node.main.ChildMort-1?lang=en [Accessed 14 Oct 2019]."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.11","unstructured":"World Health Organization U, UNFPA, World Bank Group and UNPD (MMEIG) . Maternal mortality, 2019. Available: https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/maternal-health\/maternal-mortality\/"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10062296"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12529"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-000964"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62055-7"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKenzie JE , Brennan SE , Ryan RE . Defining the criteria for including studies and how they will be grouped for the synthesis. In: Higgins J , Thomas J , Chandler J , eds. Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 60, 2019.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch3"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.19","unstructured":"Clarivate Analytics . Endnote X8.2 [program]. Philadelphia, USA: Clarivate Analytics, 2019."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.20","unstructured":"Veritas Health Innovation . Covidence systematic review software, 2019. Available: www.covidence.org"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.21","unstructured":"Wells GA , Shea B , O'Connell D . The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses, 2019. Available: http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.25","unstructured":"StataCorp . Stata statistical software: release 16. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC, 2019."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.26","unstructured":"Popay J , Roberts H , Sowden A . Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews: a product from the ESRC methods programme. 92. Lancaster: Lancaster University, 2006."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.27","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Standard occupational classification 2010: volume 3 the National statistics socio-economic classification: (Rebased on the SOC2010) user manual. Palgrave Macmillan, 2010."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f108"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.29","unstructured":"National Perinatal Reporting System . Perinatal statistics. Dublin: Republic of Ireland, 1993: 1999\u20132016."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.30","unstructured":"National Records of Scotland . Numbers of births, stillbirths and neonatal deaths, registered in Scotland in each year from 1990 to 2018 [bespoke request]. Edinburgh: National Records of Scotland, 2019."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.31","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (1990 - 2007) and Child mortality (death cohort) tables in England and Wales (2008 - 2017). Newport, Wales, 2017."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.1999.00187.x"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13978","article-title":"Risk factors and newborn outcomes associated with maternal deaths in the UK from 2009 to 2013: a national case\u2013control study","volume":"123","author":"Nair","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJOG: Int J Obstet Gy"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.34","unstructured":"Department of Health . Perinatal statistics 1990. Dublin: Department of Health, 1990."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.35","unstructured":"Do H . Perinatal statistics. Dublin: Department of Health, 1991."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.36","unstructured":"Department of Health Management Information Unit . Perinatal statistics 1992. Dublin: Department of Health, 1992."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.37","unstructured":"Department of Health and Children . Perinatal statistics 1993. Dublin: Department of Health and Children, 1993."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.38","unstructured":"Cullen G . Report on perinatal statistics for 1999. Dublin: The Economic and Social Research Institute, 2002."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.39","unstructured":"Bonham S . Report on perinatal statistics for 2000. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 2004."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.40","unstructured":"Bonham S . Report on perinatal statistics for 2001. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 2005."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.41","unstructured":"Bonham S . Report on perinatal statistics for 2003. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 2006."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.42","unstructured":"Bonham S . Report on perinatal statistics for 2004. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 2007."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.43","unstructured":"Health Research and Information Division . Perinatal statistics report 2005. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 2008."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.44","unstructured":"Health Research and Information Division . Perinatal statistics report 2007. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 2009."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.45","unstructured":"Health Research and Information Division . Perinatal statistics report 2008. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institiute, 2010."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.46","unstructured":"Health Research and Information Division . Perinatal statistics report 2009. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 2011."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.47","unstructured":"Health Research and Information Division . Perinatal statistics report 2010. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 2012."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.48","unstructured":"Health Research and Information Division . Perinatal statistics report 2012. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 2013."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.49","unstructured":"Healthcare Pricing Office (HPO) . Perinatal statistics report, 2013. Dublin, 2014."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.50","unstructured":"Healthcare Pricing Office (HPO) . Perinatal statistics report, 2014. Dublin, 2016."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.51","unstructured":"Healthcare Pricing Office (HPO) . Perinatal statistics report, 2015. Dublin, 2017."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.52","unstructured":"Healthcare Pricing Office (HPO) . Perinatal statistics report, 2016. Dublin, 2018."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.53","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (Series DH3) - No. 39, 2006. London: Office of National Statistics, 2008."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.54","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (Series DH3) - No. 40, 2007. London: Office of National Statistics, 2009."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.55","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Child mortality (death cohort) tables in England and Wales. London: Office of National Statistics, 2010."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.56","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Child mortality (death cohort) tables in England and Wales. London: Office of National Statistics, 2011."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.57","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Child mortality (death cohort) tables in England and Wales. London: Office of National Statistics, 2012."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.58","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Child mortality (death cohort) tables in England and Wales. London: Office of National Statistics, 2013."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.59","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Child mortality (death cohort) tables in England and Wales. London: Office of National Statistics, 2014."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.60","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Child mortality (death cohort) tables in England and Wales. London: Office of National Statistics, 2015."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.61","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Child mortality (death cohort) tables in England and Wales. London: Office of National Statistics, 2016."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.62","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Child mortality (death cohort) tables in England and Wales. London: Office of National Statistics, 2017."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.63","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (Series DH3) - No. 32, 1999. London: Office of National Statistics, 2001."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.64","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (Series DH3) - No. 33, 2000. London: Office of National Statistics, 2002."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.65","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (Series DH3) - No. 34, 2001. London: Office of National Statistics,, 2003."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.66","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (Series DH3) - No. 35, 2002. London: Office of National Statistics, 2004."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.67","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (Series DH3) - No. 36, 2003. London: Office of National Statistics, 2005."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.68","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (Series DH3) - No. 37, 2004. London: Office of National Statistics, 2006."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.69","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (Series DH3) - No. 38, 2005. London: Office of National Statistics, 2007."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.70","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (series DH3), 1990. London: Office of National Statistics, 1992."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.71","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (series DH3), 1991. London: Office of National Statistics, 1993."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.72","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (series DH3), 1992. London: Office of National Statistics, 1994."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.73","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (series DH3), 1993. London: Office of National Statistics, 1995."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.74","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (series DH3), 1994. London: Office of National Statistics, 1996."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.75","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (series DH3), 1995. London: Office of National Statistics, 1997."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.76","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (series DH3), 1996. London: Office of National Statistics, 1998."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.77","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (series DH3), 1997. London: Office of National Statistics, 1999."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.78","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (series DH3), 1998. London: Office of National Statistics, 2000."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.038380"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.80","unstructured":"McAvoy H , Sturley J , Burke S . Unequal at birth: inequalities in the occurrence of low birthweight babies in Ireland. 96. Dublin\/Belfast: Institute of Public Health in Ireland, 2006."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02160.x"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026998"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.303007","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in low birth weight in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia","volume":"106","author":"Martinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.108605"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.85","first-page":"20","article-title":"Self-reported pre-pregnancy maternal body mass index and infant birth-weight","volume":"100","author":"Murrin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ir Med J"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-016-1936-x"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-303788"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.042853"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.89","first-page":"15","article-title":"Risk factors for low birthweight based on birth registration and census information, England and Wales, 1981-2000","author":"Collingwood Bakeo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Stat Q"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckw131"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckr089"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12185"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12648"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015258"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-016-1494-3","article-title":"Differences in nulliparous caesarean section rates across models of care: a decomposition analysis","volume":"16","author":"Brick","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12177"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-330"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh401"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckw060"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052893"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095086"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7294.1089"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1741826711432117"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31825f287c"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13300","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors, management and outcomes of amniotic\u2010fluid embolism: a population\u2010based cohort and nested case\u2013control study","volume":"123","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJOG: Int J Obstet Gy"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61132-0"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2018-211679"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.108","unstructured":"Bell R . Psychosocial pathways and health outcomes: informing action on health inequalities. London: The Institute of Health Equity, 2017."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509990444"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.110","first-page":"257","article-title":"Diet or exercise, or both, for preventing excessive weight gain in pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"Muktabhant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002817"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/11.1.1"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.121073"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.04.005"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.274"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7324.1273"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2011.540541"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green H , McGinnity A , Ford T . Mental health of children and young people in Great Britain, 2004. London: Office for National Statistics, 2005.","DOI":"10.1037\/e557702010-001"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.119","unstructured":"Joseph Rowntree Foundation . UK poverty. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2017."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.120","unstructured":"Catten S , Conti G , Farquharson C . The health effects of sure start. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies, 2019."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckn092"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckw217","article-title":"The social determinants of inequalities in self-reported health in Europe: findings from the European social survey (2014) special module on the social determinants of health","volume":"27","author":"Balaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.01.025","article-title":"Understanding the micro and macro politics of health: Inequalities, intersectionality & institutions - A research agenda","volume":"200","author":"Gkiouleka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.124","unstructured":"Marmot M , Allen J , Goldblatt P . Fair society healthy lives (the Marmot review). 242. London: Institute of Health Equity, University College London, 2010."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2004.02.011"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.126","unstructured":"Clarke SCN . Setting the record straight: how record employment has changed the UK. London: Resolution Foundation, 2019."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.127","first-page":"CD009820","article-title":"Welfare-to-work interventions and their effects on the mental and physical health of lone parents and their children","volume":"2","author":"Gibson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.082743"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494819848276","article-title":"The effects of social protection policies on health inequalities: evidence from systematic reviews","volume":"47","author":"Hillier-Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01622.x"},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.131","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Mortality Statistics: Childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (Series DH3) - No. 40, 2007. London: Office of National Statistics, 2009."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.132","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Mortality Statistics: Childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (Series DH3) - No. 39, 2006. London: Office of National Statistics, 2008."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.133","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Mortality Statistics: Childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (Series DH3) - No. 38, 2005. London: Office of National Statistics, 2007."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.134","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Mortality Statistics: Childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (Series DH3) - No. 37, 2004. London: Office of National Statistics, 2006."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.135","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Mortality Statistics: Childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (Series DH3) - No. 36, 2003. London: Office of National Statistics, 2005."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.136","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Mortality Statistics: Childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (Series DH3) - No. 35, 2002. London: Office of National Statistics, 2004."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.137","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Mortality Statistics: Childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (Series DH3) - No. 34, 2001. London: Office of National Statistics, 2003."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.138","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Mortality Statistics: Childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (Series DH3) - No. 33, 2000. London: Office of National Statistics, 2002."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.139","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Mortality Statistics: Childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (Series DH3) - No. 32, 1999. London: Office of National Statistics, 2001."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.140","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (series DH3), 1998. London: Office of National Statistics, 2000."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.141","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (series DH3), 1997. London: Office of National Statistics, 1999."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.142","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (series DH3), 1996. London: Office of National Statistics, 1998."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.143","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (series DH3), 1995. London: Office of National Statistics, 1997."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.144","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (series DH3), 1994. London: Office of National Statistics, 1996."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.145","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (series DH3), 1993. London: Office of National Statistics, 1995."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.146","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (series DH3), 1992. London: Office of National Statistics, 1994."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.147","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (series DH3), 1991. London: Office of National Statistics, 1993."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.148","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Mortality statistics: childhood, infant and perinatal, England and Wales (series DH3), 1990. London: Office of National Statistics, 1992."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.149","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Child mortality (death cohort) tables in England and Wales. London: Office of National Statistics, 2017."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.150","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Child mortality (death cohort) tables in England and Wales. London: Office of National Statistics, 2016."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.151","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Child mortality (death cohort) tables in England and Wales. London: Office of National Statistics, 2015."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.152","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Child mortality (death cohort) tables in England and Wales. London: Office of National Statistics, 2014."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.153","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Child mortality (death cohort) tables in England and Wales. London: Office of National Statistics, 2013."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.154","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Child mortality (death cohort) tables in England and Wales. London: Office of National Statistics, 2012."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.155","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Child mortality (death cohort) tables in England and Wales. London: Office of National Statistics, 2011."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.156","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Child mortality (death cohort) tables in England and Wales. London: Office of National Statistics, 2010."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.157","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Child mortality (death cohort) tables in England and Wales. London: Office of National Statistics, 2009."},{"key":"2025120521410657000_11.3.e042753.158","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Child mortality (death cohort) tables in England and Wales. London: Office of National Statistics, 2008."}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042753","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T05:41:25Z","timestamp":1764999685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042753"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":158,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042753"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042753","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}}}