{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T12:25:12Z","timestamp":1776860712428,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617062400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20HA2003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20HA2003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Domestic epidemiological studies are needed to ascertain the disease burden of bacteraemia in individual countries. This study aimed to evaluate the domestic trends in paediatric and adult bacteraemia in Japan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Laboratory-based surveillance was used to obtain data from 592 hospitals located throughout Japan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was conducted using the results of 827\u2009780 and 3\u2009512\u2009524 blood culture tests obtained from children and adults, respectively, between January 2010 and December 2016.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed the temporal trends in specific bacterial species (<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic>) detected from the blood cultures of children and adults. For children aged \u22642 years, the data were analysed for each year of age. The proportions of bacteraemia-positive results among the patients were also evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The number of bacteraemia-positive samples over the study period was 47,125\/827,855 (5.7%) in children and 959,765\/3,513,885 (27.3%) in adults. <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> was the most frequent cause of bacteraemia in children in 2010. However, after 2011, <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> bacteraemia was the most frequent, followed by <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E. coli. E. coli<\/jats:italic> bacteraemia showed significant increases in both children and adults. In children, <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> bacteraemia decreased from 2010 to 2013. However, <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> bacteraemia case numbers stabilised from 2013, whereas <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> bacteraemia cases continued to decrease until 2016.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results suggest that the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine did not substantially affect disease occurrence. In contrast to the decreasing trends in <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> bacteraemia, <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic> bacteraemia showed increasing trends. These findings shed light on recent temporal trends in bacteraemia in both children and adults in Japan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T17:05:27Z","timestamp":1617123927000},"page":"e043774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["National database study of trends in bacteraemia aetiology among children and adults in Japan: a longitudinal observational study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7072-2338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshiki","family":"Kusama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenta","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haruhisa","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuaki","family":"Matsunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norio","family":"Ohmagari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021033010050879000_11.3.e043774.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(17)30010-X","article-title":"Epidemiology of blood culture-proven bacterial sepsis in children in Switzerland: a population-based cohort study","volume":"1","author":"Agyeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2021033010050879000_11.3.e043774.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30063-8","article-title":"The global burden of paediatric and neonatal sepsis: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Fleischmann-Struzek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2021033010050879000_11.3.e043774.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7954-11-17"},{"key":"2021033010050879000_11.3.e043774.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30418-9"},{"key":"2021033010050879000_11.3.e043774.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2098"},{"key":"2021033010050879000_11.3.e043774.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1546"},{"key":"2021033010050879000_11.3.e043774.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2830-6","article-title":"Patterns and trends of pediatric bloodstream infections: a 7-year surveillance study","volume":"36","author":"Buetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021033010050879000_11.3.e043774.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30353-0"},{"key":"2021033010050879000_11.3.e043774.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12028"},{"key":"2021033010050879000_11.3.e043774.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2411.180326"},{"key":"2021033010050879000_11.3.e043774.11","unstructured":"Japan nosocomial infections surveillance. annual open report 2019 (all facilities). 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