{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T02:28:14Z","timestamp":1774492094006,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609804800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Approximately 80% of people with spinal cord injury experience clinically significant chronic pain. Pain (whether musculoskeletal or neuropathic) is consistently rated as one of the most difficult problems to manage and negatively affects the individual\u2019s physical, psychological and social functioning and increases the risk of pain medication misuse and poor mental health. The aim of this study is to therefore determine the presence of pain and its impact on functioning and disability as well as to develop a framework for self-management of pain for South African manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Community-dwelling participants with spinal cord injury will be invited to participate in this three-phase study. Phase 1 will use a quantitative, correlational design to determine factors related to pain such as pectoralis minor length, scapular dyskinesis, wheelchair functioning, physical quality of life, community reintegration and pain medication misuse. Demographic determinants of pain such as age, gender, type of occupation, completeness of injury and neurological level of injury will also be investigated. Participants with pain identified in phase 1 will be invited to partake in a qualitative descriptive and contextually designed phase 2 to explore their lived experience of pain through in-depth interviews. The results of phases 1 and 2 will then be used with the assistance from experts to develop a framework for self-management of pain using a modified Delphi study. Data analysis will include descriptive and inferential statistics (quantitative data) and thematic content analysis (qualitative data).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Approval for this study is granted by the Faculty of Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee of the University of the Pretoria (approval number 125\/2018). This study is registered with the South African National Health Research Database (reference GP201806005). This study\u2019s findings will be shared in academic conferences and published in scientific peer-reviewed journals.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T14:37:27Z","timestamp":1609943847000},"page":"e044152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pain and its impact on functioning and disability in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury: a protocol for a mixed-methods study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3620-5668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mokgadi Kholofelo","family":"Mashola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, School of Healthcare Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, School of Therapeutic Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elzette","family":"Korkie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, School of Healthcare Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diphale Joyce","family":"Mothabeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, School of Healthcare Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101814442133000_11.1.e044152.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.05.006"},{"key":"2025101814442133000_11.1.e044152.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2013.146","article-title":"Anticonvulsant medication use for the management of pain following spinal cord injury: systematic review and effectiveness analysis","volume":"52","author":"Guy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2025101814442133000_11.1.e044152.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a463","DOI":"10.4102\/ajod.v8i0.463","article-title":"Associations between health behaviour, secondary health conditions and quality of life in people with spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"Mashola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Afr J Disabil"},{"key":"2025101814442133000_11.1.e044152.4","unstructured":"IASP . 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