{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:06:15Z","timestamp":1793315175754,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617321600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical distancing and stay-at-home measures implemented to slow transmission of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) may intensify feelings of loneliness in older adults, especially those living alone. Our aim was to characterise the extent of loneliness during the first wave in a sample of older adults living in the community and assess characteristics associated with loneliness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Online cross-sectional survey between 6 May and 19 May 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ontario, Canada.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Convenience sample of members of a national retired educators\u2019 organisation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Self-reported loneliness, including differences between women and men.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>4879 respondents (71.0% women; 67.4% 65\u201379 years) reported that in the preceding week, 43.1% felt lonely at least some of the time, including 8.3% who felt lonely always or often. Women had increased odds of loneliness compared with men, whether living alone (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.52, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.04) or with others (2.44, 95% CI 2.04 to 2.92). Increasing age group decreased the odds of loneliness (aOR 0.69 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.81) 65\u201379 years and 0.50 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.65) 80+ years compared with &lt;65 years). Living alone was associated with loneliness, with a greater association in men (aOR 4.26, 95% CI 3.15 to 5.76) than women (aOR 2.65, 95% CI 2.26 to 3.11). Other factors associated with loneliness included: fair or poor health (aOR 1.93, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.41), being a caregiver (aOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.37), receiving care (aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.81), high concern for the pandemic (aOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.84), not experiencing positive effects of pandemic distancing measures (aOR 1.94, 95% CI 1.62 to 2.32) and changes to daily routine (aOR 2.81, 95% CI 1.96 to 4.03).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While many older adults reported feeling lonely during COVID-19, several characteristics\u2014such as being female and living alone\u2014increased the odds of loneliness. These characteristics may help identify priorities for targeting interventions to reduce loneliness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T12:21:19Z","timestamp":1617366079000},"page":"e044517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Loneliness among older adults in the community during COVID-19: a cross-sectional survey in Canada"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rachel D","family":"Savage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7341-0655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan E","family":"Bronskill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A","family":"Chamberlain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"Grieve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTOERO, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gruneir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Reppas-Rindlisbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan M","family":"Stall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5973-4151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula A","family":"Rochon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121601213702000_11.4.e044517.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.1993"},{"key":"2025121601213702000_11.4.e044517.2","unstructured":"Raina P , Wolfson C , Kirkland S . 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