{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:08:29Z","timestamp":1777694909124,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parapneumonic effusion and empyema are common complications of paediatric pneumonia. Acceptable treatment modalities for large parapneumonic effusions include antibiotics alone or in conjunction with surgical interventions. Clear guidelines on the best treatment approach are lacking and mostly based on evidence prior to widespread pneumococcal conjugate 13-valent vaccination (PCV-13).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A living systematic review and network meta-analysis will be performed comparing the five treatment modalities: (1) antibiotics alone; (2) chest tube drainage without fibrinolytics; (3) chest tube drainage with fibrinolytics; (4) video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and (5) open thoracotomy. The review protocol is reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols guidelines. Eligible studies are randomised controlled trials comparing any pair of interventions in paediatric patients with empyema or parapneumonic effusion. The following databases will be searched: Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, LILACS and Google Scholar. Citation screening and data extraction will be completed using a validated crowdsourcing methodology using InsightScope. To assess the risk of bias, we will use the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomised trials. The primary outcome of the study is the length of stay. Secondary outcomes are (1) periprocedural complications and (2) need for re-intervention. A frequentist network meta-analysis design will be implemented with a random-effects model comparing different interventions. In a subgroup analysis, studies and patients will be stratified by the size of pleural effusion and the date of trial (pre\/post-PCV-13). Eligible citations and available results will be uploaded to an online database, hosted on Open Science Framework. The database will be updated at least every 4\u2009months with any newly published research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No ethics review is required for this study. Results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. Data will be available as part of an online database summarising the evidence of this living systematic review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pending peer review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T13:04:44Z","timestamp":1616591084000},"page":"e045010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Conservative and surgical modalities in the management of paediatric parapneumonic effusion and empyema: a protocol for a living systematic review and network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1401-8503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Allin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Pediatrics, British Columbia Children\"s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0199-3599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nassr","family":"Nama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Pediatrics, British Columbia Children\"s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4785-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A","family":"Irvine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evidence to Innovation, British Columbia Children\"s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colleen","family":"Pawliuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evidence to Innovation, British Columbia Children\"s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine, British Columbia Children\"s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Carwana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Evidence to Innovation, British Columbia Children\"s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Division of General Pediatrics, British Columbia Children\"s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121222311334000_11.3.e045010.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2017.06.013"},{"key":"2025121222311334000_11.3.e045010.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-017-3827-8"},{"key":"2025121222311334000_11.3.e045010.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j2739"},{"key":"2025121222311334000_11.3.e045010.4","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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