{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T02:49:24Z","timestamp":1779936564721,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Describe trends and patterns in long-term opioid prescriptions among adults with musculoskeletal conditions (MSK).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interrupted time-series analysis based on an open cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A representative sample of 402 Australian general practices contributing data to the MedicineInsight database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>811\u2009174 patients aged 18+ years with an MSK diagnosis and three or more consultations in any two consecutive years between 2012 and 2018. Males represented 44.5% of the sample, 28.4% were 65+ years and 1.9% were Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Annual prevalence and cumulative incidence (%) of long-term opioid prescribing (3+ prescriptions in 90 days) among patients with an MSK. Average duration of these episodes in each year between 2012 and 2018.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of long-term opioid prescribing increased from 5.5% (95% CI 5.2 to 5.8) in 2012 to 9.1% (95% CI 8.8 to 9.7) in 2018 (annual change OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.09), but a slightly lower incidence was observed in 2018 (3.0% vs 3.6%\u20133.8% in other years; annual change OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98 to 0.99). The incidence was between 37% and 52% higher among practices located in rural Australia or lower socioeconomic areas. Individual risk factors included increasing age (3.4 times higher among those aged 80+ years than the 18\u201334\u2009years group in 2012, increasing to 4.8 times higher in 2018), identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander (1.7\u20131.9 higher incidence than their peers), or living in disadvantaged areas (36%\u201357%\u2009more likely than among those living in wealthiest areas). Long-term opioid prescriptions lasted in average 287\u2013301\u2009days between 2012 and 2016, reducing to 229 days in 2017 and 140 days in 2018. A longer duration was observed in practices from more disadvantaged areas and females in all years, except in 2018.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The continued rise in the prevalence of long-term opioid prescribing is of concern, despite a recent reduction in the incidence and duration of opioid management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T14:34:45Z","timestamp":1617806085000},"page":"e045418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Trends in long-term opioid prescriptions for musculoskeletal conditions in Australian general practice: a national longitudinal study using MedicineInsight, 2012\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sean","family":"Black-Tiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of General Practice, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7153-2878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Gonzalez-Chica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of General Practice, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Adelaide Rural Clinical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9018-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nigel","family":"Stocks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of General Practice, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121510105998000_11.4.e045418.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304747","article-title":"The global burden of musculoskeletal Pain-Where to from here?","volume":"109","author":"Blyth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025121510105998000_11.4.e045418.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2020.101549","article-title":"Global health policy in the 21st century: challenges and opportunities to arrest the global disability burden from musculoskeletal health conditions","volume":"34","author":"Briggs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025121510105998000_11.4.e045418.3","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare . 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