{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T06:29:35Z","timestamp":1765780175413,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630540800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Anesthesiology Research Society Mentored Research Award","award":["Not Applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not Applicable"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE-1745038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1745038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated widespread shortages of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) and the creation and sharing of proposed substitutes (novel designs, repurposed materials) with limited testing against regulatory standards. We aimed to categorically test the efficacy and fit of potential N95 respirator substitutes using protocols that can be replicated in university laboratories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Academic medical centre with occupational health-supervised fit testing along with laboratory studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven adult volunteers who passed quantitative fit testing for small-sized (n=2) and regular-sized (n=5) commercial N95 respirators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five open-source potential N95 respirator substitutes were evaluated and compared with commercial National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved N95 respirators as controls. Fit testing using the 7-minute standardised Occupational Safety and Health Administration fit test was performed. In addition, protocols that can be performed in university laboratories for materials testing (filtration efficiency, air resistance and fluid resistance) were developed to evaluate alternate filtration materials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among five open-source, improvised substitutes evaluated in this study, only one (which included a commercial elastomeric mask and commercial HEPA filter) passed a standard quantitative fit test. The four alternative materials evaluated for filtration efficiency (67%\u201389%) failed to meet the 95% threshold at a face velocity (7.6 cm\/s) equivalent to that of a NIOSH particle filtration test for the control N95 FFR. In addition, for all but one material, the small surface area of two 3D-printed substitutes resulted in air resistance that was above the maximum in the NIOSH standard.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Testing protocols such as those described here are essential to evaluate proposed improvised respiratory protection substitutes, and our testing platform could be replicated by teams with similar cross-disciplinary research capacity. Healthcare professionals should be cautious of claims associated with improvised respirators when suggested as FFR substitutes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:44:10Z","timestamp":1644799450000},"page":"e045557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Protection levels of N95-level respirator substitutes proposed during the COVID-19 pandemic: safety concerns and quantitative evaluation procedures"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7470-3364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David H","family":"Ballard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Audrey J","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin M","family":"Kumfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia B","family":"Weisensee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J Mark","family":"Meacham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex R","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Ruppert-Stroescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sam Fox School of Design and Visual Arts, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Broc A","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, 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