{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T10:55:05Z","timestamp":1773053705023,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627862400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014653","name":"NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IS-BRC-1215-20007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IS-BRC-1215-20007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hearing aids are typically programmed using the individual\u2019s audiometric thresholds. Developments in technology have resulted in a new category of direct-to-consumer devices, which are not programmed using the individual\u2019s audiometric thresholds. This review aims to identify whether programming hearing aids using the individual\u2019s audiogram-based prescription results in better outcomes for adults with hearing loss.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The methods of this review are reported in line with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols guidelines. On 23 August 2020, eight different databases were systematically searched without any restrictions: EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Emcare and Academic Search Premier. To ensure that this review includes the most recent evidence, the searches will be repeated at the final write-up stage. The population of interest of this review will be adults with any degree or type of hearing loss. The studies should compare hearing aids programmed using an audiogram-based prescription (and verified in the real ear) with those not programmed on the basis of the individual\u2019s audiogram. The primary outcome of interest is consumers\u2019 listening preferences. Hearing-specific health-related quality of life, self-reported listening ability, speech intelligibility of words and sentences in quiet and noisy situations, sound quality ratings and adverse events are the secondary outcomes of interest. Both randomised and non-randomised controlled trials will be included. The quality of each individual study and the overall evidence will be assessed using Downs and Black\u2019s checklist and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations tool, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We will only retrieve and analyse data from published studies, so no ethical approval is required. The review findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at scientific conferences.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CRD42020197232.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T12:23:35Z","timestamp":1627907015000},"page":"e045899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Is the outcome of fitting hearing aids to adults affected by whether an audiogram-based prescription formula is individually applied? A systematic review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4043-7234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Almufarrij","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7036-7890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harvey","family":"Dillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6543-9098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin J","family":"Munro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Trust Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Deafness and hearing loss, 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/deafness-and-hearing-loss"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Global health estimates 2016: disease burden by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000-2016. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2018."},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta11030"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-021502"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore BC , Popelka G . Introduction to Hearing aid. In: Popelka GR , Moore BCJ , Fay RR , et al , eds. Hearing AIDS. Switzerland: Springer, 2016.doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-33036-5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-33036-5"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.6","first-page":"12","article-title":"MarkeTrak VIII: 25-year trends in the hearing health market","volume":"16","author":"Kochkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hearing Review"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.7","first-page":"CD012023","article-title":"Hearing AIDS for mild to moderate hearing loss in adults","volume":"9","author":"Ferguson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munro K , Mueller GH . Clinical verification of hearing aid performance. In: Popelka G , Moore BCJ , Fay RR , et al , eds. Hearing AIDS. Switzerland: Springer, 2016.doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-33036-5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-33036-5_9"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.9","article-title":"Hearing-Aid evaluation: an examination of two procedures","volume":"9","author":"Nance","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bulletin of Prosthetics Research"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1938.02790330017004"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1916053"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.12","unstructured":"Lybarger SF . Method of fitting hearing AIDS. U.S. patent application No. 543,278. Washington DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, 1944."},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.13","unstructured":"Dillon H . The research of Denis Byrne at NAL: implications for clinicians today, 2001. Available: https:\/\/www.audiologyonline.com\/articles\/research-denis-byrne-at-nal-1200"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1741117","article-title":"NAL-NL1 procedure for fitting nonlinear hearing AIDS: characteristics and comparisons with other procedures","volume":"12","author":"Byrne","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4081\/audiores.2011.e24","article-title":"The NAL-NL2 prescription procedure","volume":"1","author":"Keidser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Audiol Res"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/108471380500900403","article-title":"The desired sensation level multistage input\/output algorithm","volume":"9","author":"Scollie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Amplif"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.17","unstructured":"Dillon H . Hearing AIDS. New York: Thieme, 2012."},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/1084713812468511","article-title":"NAL-NL2 empirical adjustments","volume":"16","author":"Keidser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Amplif"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.19","first-page":"233121651985830","article-title":"Direct-To-Consumer hearing devices: capabilities, costs, and cosmetics","volume":"23","author":"Almufarrij","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Hear"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.20","first-page":"233121651990058","article-title":"Validation of a Self-Fitting method for over-the-counter hearing AIDS","volume":"24","author":"Sabin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Hear"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.3109\/14992020903148038","article-title":"Evaluation of the NAL-NL1 and DSL v4.1 prescriptions for children: preference in real world use","volume":"49 Suppl 1","author":"Scollie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.22","first-page":"233121652093339","article-title":"Consistency of hearing aid setting preference in simulated real-world environments: implications for Trainable hearing AIDS","volume":"24","author":"Walravens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Hear"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.16.7.5"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-198205000-00006"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020400050014"},{"key":"2025101811010942000_11.8.e045899.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.1.105"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045899","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T18:01:22Z","timestamp":1760810482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045899","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}}}