{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:50:36Z","timestamp":1790855436889,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615420800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008240","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec-Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et Culture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-SE1-252541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-SE1-252541"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008240","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["251618"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["251618"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["34757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["34757"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002081","name":"Irish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV19-2020-097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV19-2020-097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002081","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001779","name":"Monash University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Dr. Helena Teede #2579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Dr. Helena Teede #2579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001779","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000857","name":"Loughborough University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CALIBRE Research funds 5705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CALIBRE Research funds 5705"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000857","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009452","name":"Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1471, UQAM Research Chair"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1471, UQAM Research Chair"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009452","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MS3\u2010173099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MS3\u2010173099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SMC-151518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMC-151518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the context of a highly contagious virus with only recently approved vaccines and no cure, the key to slowing the spread of the COVID-19 disease and successfully transitioning through the phases of the pandemic, including vaccine uptake, is public adherence to rapidly evolving behaviour-based public health policies. The overall objective of the iCARE Study is to assess public awareness, attitudes, concerns and behavioural responses to COVID-19 public health policies, and their impacts, on people around the world and to link behavioural survey data with policy, mobility and case data to provide behavioural science, data-driven recommendations to governments on how to optimise current policy strategies to reduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analyses<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The iCARE study (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.icarestudy.com\">www.icarestudy.com<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ) uses a multiple cross-sectional survey design to capture self-reported information on a variety of COVID-19 related variables from individuals around the globe. Survey data are captured using two data capture methods: convenience and representative sampling. These data are then linked to open access data for policies, cases and population movement.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary ethical approval was obtained from the coordinating site, the Centre int\u00e9gr\u00e9 universitaire de sant\u00e9 et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al (REB#: 2020\u20132099\/03\u201325\u20132020). This study will provide high-quality, accelerated and real-time evidence to help us understand the effectiveness of evolving country-level policies and communication strategies to reduce the spread of the COVID-19. Due to the urgency of the pandemic, results will be disseminated in a variety of ways, including policy briefs, social media posts, press releases and through regular scientific methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T10:55:27Z","timestamp":1615460127000},"page":"e046127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["International assessment of the link between COVID-19 related attitudes, concerns and behaviours in relation to public health policies: optimising policy strategies to improve health, economic and quality of life outcomes (the iCARE Study)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7075-0358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon L","family":"Bacon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l\"Ile-de-Montreal, Montreal, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim L","family":"Lavoie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l\"Ile-de-Montreal, Montreal, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation - MCHRI, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovana","family":"Stojanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l\"Ile-de-Montreal, Montreal, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0657-8367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keven","family":"Joyal-Desmarais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l\"Ile-de-Montreal, Montreal, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30567-5"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0887-9","article-title":"Applying principles of behaviour change to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission","volume":"4","author":"West","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01597-8"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e375","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30133-X","article-title":"Effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 cases, deaths, and demand for hospital services in the UK: a modelling study","volume":"5","author":"Davies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108364"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.6","unstructured":"Van Bavel J , Baicker K , PS. B . Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nat Human Behav 2020."},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.7","unstructured":"Am\u00e1rach Research . Impact of coronavirus - week 3, 2020. Available: https:\/\/amarach.com\/news-blog-articles\/impact-of-coronavirus-week-3.html [Accessed 27 Apr 2020]."},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0887-9","article-title":"Applying principles of behaviour change to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission","volume":"4","author":"West","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socec.2003.12.031","article-title":"Rational choice and irrational individuals or simply an irrational theory: a critical review of the hypothesis of perfect rationality","volume":"34","author":"Miljkovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Socio Econ"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.10","unstructured":"Afif Z , Islan W , Calvo-Gonzalez O . Behavioral science around the world: profiles of 10 countries (English). embed brief. Washington: World Bank Group, 2018."},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.11","unstructured":"Michie S , West R , Campbell R . ABC of behaviour change theories. Silverback Publishing, 2014."},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-42"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019818801500203"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019818801500203"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.15","unstructured":"National Institutes of health OoBSSRO, 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/dr2\/COVID-19_BSSR_Research_Tools.pdf"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.16","unstructured":"Oxford University , 2020. Available: http:\/\/www.ox.ac.uk\/news\/2020-03-25-oxford-university-launches-world-s-first-covid-19-government-response-tracker"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.17","unstructured":"Hale T , Webster S , Petherick A , et al . Oxford COVID-19 government response Tracker. Blavatnik School of Government, 2020."},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.18","unstructured":"Community mobility reports, 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.google.com\/covid19\/mobility\/"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.20","unstructured":"Johns Hopkins, 2020. Available: https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/map.html"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrell FE . Regression modeling strategies. New York: Springer, 2001.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3462-1"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.22","unstructured":"Kleinke K , Reinecke J , Salfr\u00e1n D . New developments and applications in R. New York: Springer, 2020."},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valliant R , Dever JA , Kreuter F . Practical tools for designing and weighting survey samples. New York: Springer, 2018.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-93632-1"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.24","unstructured":"Bethlehem J . Weighting. In: Lavrakas PJ , ed. Encyclopedia of survey research methods. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc, 2008: 958\u201360."},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.25","unstructured":"Heeringa S , West B , Berglund P . Applied survey data analysis. New York: Chapman and Hall\/CRC, 2017."},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000116"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/76.3.622"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.28","unstructured":"Browne WJ . MCMC estimation in MLwiN v3.03. University of Bristol, Centre for Multilevel Modelling, 2019."},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1171-x"},{"key":"2025121223471121000_11.3.e046127.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1002\/cjs.11155","article-title":"Weighting in the regression analysis of survey data with a cross-national application","volume":"40","author":"Skinner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Statistics"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046127","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T07:47:20Z","timestamp":1765612040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046127","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}}}