{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T01:36:39Z","timestamp":1773884199031,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]],"date-time":"2021-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622332800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ALF Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden","award":["RV-933162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RV-933162"]}]},{"name":"Unit of Research, Development, and Education, \u00d6stersund Hospital, \u00d6stersund, Sweden","award":["JLL-930202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JLL-930202"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the association between breastfeeding practice and hospitalisations for infectious diseases in early and later childhood, in particular, to compare exclusive breast feeding 4\u20135 months with exclusive breastfeeding 6 months or more. Thereby, provide evidence to inform breastfeeding policy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A register-based cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cohort was created by combining the Swedish Medical Birth Register, the National Inpatient Register, the Cause of Death Register, the Total Population Register, the Longitudinal integration database for health insurance and labour market studies, with the Uppsala Preventive Child Health Care database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>37 825 term and post-term singletons born to women who resided in Uppsala County (Sweden) between 1998 and 2010.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Number of hospitalisations for infectious diseases in early (&lt;2 years) and later childhood (2\u20134 years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The risk of hospitalisations for infectious diseases decreased with duration of exclusive breastfeeding until 4 months of age. In early childhood, breast feeding was associated with a decreased risk of enteric and respiratory infections. In comparison with exclusive breast feeding 6 months or more, the strongest association was found between no breastfeeding and enteric infections (adjusted incidence rate ratios, aIRR 3.32 (95% CI 2.14 to 5.14)). In later childhood, breast feeding was associated with a lower risk of respiratory infections. In comparison with children exclusively breastfed 6 months or more, the highest risk was found in children who were not breastfed (aIRR 2.53 (95% CI 1.51 to 4.24)). The risk of hospitalisations for infectious diseases was comparable in children exclusively breastfed 4\u20135 months and children exclusively breastfed 6 months or more.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results support breastfeeding guidelines that recommend exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T17:26:53Z","timestamp":1622482013000},"page":"e046583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Breastfeeding practice, breastfeeding policy and hospitalisations for infectious diseases in early and later childhood: a register-based study in Uppsala County, Sweden"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1468-5771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Videholm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wallby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Womens and Childrens Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3606-3797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven-Arne","family":"Silfverdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121511262987000_11.5.e046583.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7"},{"key":"2025121511262987000_11.5.e046583.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1392"},{"key":"2025121511262987000_11.5.e046583.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61780-7"},{"key":"2025121511262987000_11.5.e046583.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2008.00176.x"},{"key":"2025121511262987000_11.5.e046583.5","unstructured":"Horta BL , Victora CG . 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Geneva: World Health Organization, 2013."},{"key":"2025121511262987000_11.5.e046583.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001454","article-title":"Complementary feeding: a position paper by the European Society for paediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on nutrition","volume":"64","author":"Fewtrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"2025121511262987000_11.5.e046583.7","article-title":"Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding","author":"Kramer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025121511262987000_11.5.e046583.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0646D","article-title":"Breastfeeding and risk of infections at 6 years","volume":"134 Suppl 1","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025121511262987000_11.5.e046583.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-015-1703-4","article-title":"Long-Term effects of breastfeeding on children's hospitalization for respiratory tract infections and diarrhea in early childhood in Japan","volume":"19","author":"Yamakawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"2025121511262987000_11.5.e046583.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172763"},{"key":"2025121511262987000_11.5.e046583.11","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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