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These were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emotional IPV was associated with lower cognitive (\u03b2=\u22120.32; 95%\u2009CI \u22120.60 to \u20130.04), language (\u03b2=\u22120.36; 95%\u2009CI \u22120.69 to \u20130.01) or motor composite scores (\u03b2=\u22120.58; 95%\u2009CI \u22120.95 to \u20130.20) in children at 2 years of age. Physical IPV was associated with lower motor scores (\u03b2=\u22120.42; 95%\u2009CI \u22120.75 to \u20130.09) at 2 years. Sexual IPV was unrelated to developmental outcomes, possibly due to low prevalence. Neither recent maternal depression nor alcohol use were shown to mediate the relationship between IPV and developmental outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interventions to reduce maternal physical and emotional IPV and early-life interventions for infants and toddlers are needed to promote optimal child development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T12:41:10Z","timestamp":1635424870000},"page":"e046829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Maternal emotional and physical intimate partner violence and early child development: investigating mediators in a cross-sectional study in a South African birth cohort"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5082-7864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Whitney","family":"Barnett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health & South African Medical Research Council Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah L","family":"Halligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health & South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Wedderburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health & South African Medical Research Council Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rae","family":"MacGinty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health & South African Medical Research Council Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health & South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather J","family":"Zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health & South African Medical Research Council Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health & South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0276-9660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten","family":"Donald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Developmental Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121600342783000_11.10.e046829.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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