{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T14:48:37Z","timestamp":1789310917025,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Grand Challenges Research Initiative","award":["N\/A - Internal award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A - Internal award"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To estimate the health characteristics and racial\/ethnic health disparities among a probation cohort in Hennepin County. We hypothesised the probation population would have higher health needs compared with the general population as well as significant racial\/ethnic health disparities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional study using linked administrative records.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 7992 eligible individuals, 5873 met inclusion criteria of 6 or more months of eligibility for a full-benefit Minnesota healthcare plan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Probation system in Hennepin County in 2016.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes<\/jats:title><jats:p>We compared health condition prevalence among our probation cohort with survey data from the general population and analysed by race\/ethnicity. We also measured sociodemographic characteristics, including the use of safety-net services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals were predominantly male (80.5%), young (mean age: 35.5 years), and disproportionately black or African American (52.9%). A majority of individuals enrolled in Medicaid were eligible via Medicaid expansion (65.9%). Compared with the general population, individuals on probation had higher rates of substance use disorders (66.5% vs 8.1%), mental illness (55.3% vs 14.4%) and many physical conditions (eg, asthma: 17.0% vs 12.5%, chronic kidney disease: 5.8% vs 0.2%). White individuals on probation were significantly more likely than black or African American individuals to have a diagnosed substance use disorder (71.6% vs 62.0%) or mental health disorder (64.9% vs 48.5%), but fewer chronic physical health conditions (average: 0.52 vs 0.73 chronic physical conditions).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals on probation have high health needs, which vary substantially by race\/ethnicity. Without attention to this variation, interventions to address health conditions in this population could worsen racial\/ethnic disparities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T05:44:02Z","timestamp":1644817442000},"page":"e047930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Health profiles and racial disparities among individuals on probation in Hennepin County, Minnesota, 2016: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7531-9839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marin","family":"Olson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J","family":"Shlafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Bodurtha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Hougham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler N A","family":"Winkelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022021320051604000_11.9.e047930.1","unstructured":"Kaeble D . 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