{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T23:06:03Z","timestamp":1781737563088,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012319","name":"National Center for Global Health and Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20A3001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20A3001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To the best of our knowledge, no case\u2013control study on child and adolescent psychiatric outpatients has investigated the clinical characteristics of patients with child-to-parent violence (CPV). The current study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of child and adolescent psychiatric patients with CPV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting and participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research included child and adolescent psychiatric patients who were aged 10\u201315 years during their initial consultation. The participants were allocated to one of two groups: children with CPV (CPV group, n=109) and without CPV (non-CPV group, n=713).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study analysed data including age, sex, diagnostic classification of the primary diagnosis, antisocial behaviour, suicidal attempt or self-harm and refusal to attend school. Moreover, a history of abuse by parents was investigated. Psychological rating scales such as the Spence Children\u2019s Anxiety Scale, Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children, Tokyo Autistic Behavior Scale, Attention-deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder-Rating Scale and Oppositional Defiant Behavior Inventory were used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 822 patients who sought consultation in our department, 109 (13.26%) were included in the CPV group during the first consultation. Compared with the non-CPV group, the CPV group had significantly higher proportions of patients who experienced physical abuse, psychological abuse and who witnessed violence between parents. Meanwhile, the proportion of patients with neurodevelopmental disorders was significantly higher in the CPV group than in the non-CPV group. Regarding developmental characteristics, impulsivity might be correlated with CPV. Moreover, violence and behavioural problems outside of home were associated with CPV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In patients with CPV who sought consultation, the findings of the current study should be considered to understand invisible side and to facilitate the use of appropriate treatment approaches. However, a prospective study should be performed to investigate the causality between CPV and clinical characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T12:12:53Z","timestamp":1640261573000},"page":"e048222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Case\u2013control study on clinical characteristics of child and adolescent psychiatric outpatients with child-to-parent violence"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0816-4355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahide","family":"Usami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoko","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hikaru","family":"Sunakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Toguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuichi","family":"Tanese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyoshi","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rena","family":"Shinohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshinari","family":"Kurokouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaori","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Hakoshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumi","family":"Inazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Mizumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare . Annual report on number of cases disposed about child abuse from child guidance centers in 2018. Available: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/11901000\/000533886.pdf"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.2","unstructured":"United Nations Children\u2019s Emergency Fund . Hidden in plain sight. New York, NY: United Nations Children\u2019s Emergency Fund, 2014. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/publications\/files\/Hidden_in_plain_sight_statistical_analysis_Summary_EN_2_Sept_2014.pdf"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.3","first-page":"220","article-title":"Theoretical framework and explanatory factors for child-to-parent violence. A scoping review","volume":"36","author":"Arias-Rivera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anales de Psicolog\u00eda"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.4","first-page":"216","article-title":"Proposal for a definition of filio-parental violence: consensus of the Spanish Society for the study of Filio-Parental violence (SEVIFIP)","volume":"38","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Papeles del Psic\u00f3logo"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260512455869"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.6","unstructured":"White paper on crime 2018, an annual publication of the Ministry of Justice, Japan. Available: http:\/\/hakusyo1.moj.go.jp\/jp\/65\/nfm\/n65_2_3_1_4_1.html"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.7","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare . Annual report of vital statistics in 2017. Available: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/toukei\/saikin\/hw\/jinkou\/kakutei17\/dl\/03_h1.pdf"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-007-0061-x"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2206.2008.00576.x","article-title":"Living in the red zone: the experience of child-to-mother violence","volume":"13","author":"Edenborough","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Fam Soc Work"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.10","unstructured":"Blos P . The adolescent passage. New York: International Universities Press, 1979."},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-019-00071-1","article-title":"The abusive behaviour by Children- indices (ABC-I): a measure to discriminate between normative and abusive child behaviour","volume":"34","author":"Simmons","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Fam Violence"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1111\/cfs.12363","article-title":"Adolescent-to-parent violence and abuse: parents' management of tension and ambiguity-an interpretative phenomenological analysis","volume":"22","author":"Clarke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Fam Soc Work"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-011-0273-y"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e356","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","article-title":"The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallego R , Novo M , Fari\u00f1a F , et al . Child-to-parent violence and parent-to-child violence: a meta-analytic review. 2019;11:51\u20139.doi:10.5093\/ejpalc2019a4","DOI":"10.5093\/ejpalc2019a4"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoyo-Bilbao JD , G\u00e1mez-Guadix M , Calvete E . Corporal punishment by parents and child-to-parent aggression in Spanish adolescents, Anales de Psicolog\u00eda 2018;34:108\u201316.","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.34.1.259601"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2016.03.002","article-title":"Effects of nurse-led child- and parent-focused violence intervention on mentally ill adult patients and victimized parents: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3102_05","article-title":"Parent-directed physical aggression by clinic-referred youths","volume":"31","author":"Nock","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loinaz I , AMd S . Assessing risk and protective factors in clinical and judicial child-to-parent violence cases, psy intervention 2019;12:43\u201351.","DOI":"10.5093\/ejpalc2020a5"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00978277"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.05.016","article-title":"Depression and violence in adolescence and young adults: findings from three longitudinal cohorts","volume":"56","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00911","article-title":"Few differences in the Externalizing and criminal history of young violent offenders with and without autism spectrum disorders","volume":"10","author":"Hofvander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.03.004","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders in young violent offenders: overlap and background characteristics","volume":"252","author":"Billstedt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01857.x"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.26","unstructured":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology . Survey on various issues in guiding students with problem behavior and school refusal (in Japanese). Available: http:\/\/www.mext.go.jp\/a_menu\/shotou\/seitoshidou\/1302902.htm"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(98)00034-5"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2008.04.003"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(99)00102-6"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1981.tb00533.x"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/3YCX-H0MT-49DK-C61Q"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.32","first-page":"25","article-title":"The reliability and validity of the Tokyo autistic behaviour scale","volume":"44","author":"Kurita","year":"1990","journal-title":"Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.33","first-page":"529","article-title":"Utility as a diagnostic support measure of pervasive developmental disorder of Tokyo autistic behavior scale (TABS)","volume":"29","author":"Tachimori","year":"2000","journal-title":"Japanese J Clin Psych"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DuPaul GJ , Power TJ , Anastopoulos AD . ADHD rating Scale-IV: checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation. New York: The Guilford Press, 1998.","DOI":"10.1037\/t00680-000"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.05.002","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Japanese ADHD-RS in preschool children","volume":"55","author":"Takayanagi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.36","unstructured":"Yamazaki K , Kimura T , Koishi S . Research on the preparation of measure for evaluation of attention dificit\/hyperactivity disorder and the discriminant ability. standard value of the ADHD rating Scale-IV Japanese edition, annual report of the research on nervous and mental disorders 2002:23\u201335."},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016953"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2007.01771.x","article-title":"Establishing the cut-off point for the Oppositional Defiant behavior inventory","volume":"62","author":"Harada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30022-1","article-title":"The age of adolescence","volume":"2","author":"Sawyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.244"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.41","first-page":"265","article-title":"To what extent is child-to-parent violence bi-directional?","volume":"27","author":"Ibabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"An Psicol"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.31.2.174701","article-title":"Family predictors of child-to-parent violence: the role of family discipline","volume":"31","author":"Ibabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"An Psicol"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.85.6.1275"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614534211","article-title":"Polygenic risk for externalizing disorders: gene-by-development and gene-by-environment effects in adolescents and young adults","volume":"3","author":"Salvatore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.111.1.127"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2006.00904.x"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371005501003"},{"key":"2025121600084960000_11.12.e048222.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950090064009"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048222","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T08:09:00Z","timestamp":1765872540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048222"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048222","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}}}