{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T10:39:19Z","timestamp":1779100759545,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644883200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is often comorbid with other chronic and\/or serious diseases. However, little is known about the prevalence of various diseases that are present before MDD onset. We examined the prevalence of all pre-existing diseases in the 12 months before an MDD diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exploratory nested case\u2013control study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data, including diagnoses based on International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision codes, were from a Japanese health insurance database (JMDC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adults newly diagnosed with MDD during 2015, 2016 or 2017 (but not the preceding year) (cases) were matched (exact) 1:10 to controls by age, sex, index date and working status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome was the proportion of patients in each group with each pre-existing disease during the 12 months before the index date (ie, before MDD diagnosis in cases). Odds ratios (ORs) for onset of MDD were calculated for each pre-existing disease. A post hoc multivariate analysis examined interactions of metabolic risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia), psychiatric disorders (sleep disorders, psychiatric disorders other than depression) and MDD-related symptoms (headache, pain, autonomic nerve imbalance) on MDD diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 13 420 cases and 134 200 controls (mean age 41.9 years; 66.5% male). The prevalence of almost all pre-existing diseases was higher in cases than in controls. The highest ORs (5.8\u201321.0) were for psychiatric diseases and sleep disorders. Insomnia (21.1% of patients; OR 8.7) and neurosis (9.7%; OR 10.6) were particularly prevalent in the case group. The odds of MDD increased in the presence of metabolic risk factors, psychiatric disorders and\/or MDD-related symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a high prevalence of pre-existing diseases in Japanese patients who develop MDD compared with matched controls without MDD. These results suggest that patients with chronic and\/or serious diseases should be actively monitored for depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T12:32:04Z","timestamp":1644928324000},"page":"e048233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Diseases prevalent before major depressive disorder diagnosis: an exploratory nested case\u2013control study using health insurance-based claims data"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0780-6587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University Mizonokuchi Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Izumi","family":"Mishiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Medical Office, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Akaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Medical Office, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takafumi","family":"Akimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Medical Office, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keita","family":"Fujikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Medical Office, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121300020940000_12.2.e048233.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02471.x","article-title":"Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence","volume":"190","author":"Clarke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025121300020940000_12.2.e048233.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.05.001"},{"key":"2025121300020940000_12.2.e048233.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2011.13.1\/wkaton","article-title":"Epidemiology and treatment of depression in patients with chronic medical illness","volume":"13","author":"Katon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2025121300020940000_12.2.e048233.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.08.050","article-title":"Prevalence, treatment, and the correlates of common mental disorders in the mid 2010\u2019s in Japan: the results of the World Mental Health Japan 2nd survey","volume":"241","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2025121300020940000_12.2.e048233.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.138"},{"key":"2025121300020940000_12.2.e048233.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-9-90"},{"key":"2025121300020940000_12.2.e048233.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12086"},{"key":"2025121300020940000_12.2.e048233.8","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare . 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