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The underlying pathophysiology is driven by neuroinflammation and cellular oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Delirium is a serious complication following neurosurgical procedures with a reported incidence varying between 4% and 44% and has been associated with increased length of hospital stay, increased amount of reoperations, increased costs and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Perioperative music has been reported to reduce preoperative anxiety, postoperative pain and opioid usage, and attenuates stress response caused by surgery. We hypothesize that this beneficial effect of music on a combination of delirium eliciting factors might reduce delirium incidence following neurosurgery and subsequently improve clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This protocol concerns a single-centred prospective randomised controlled trial with 6 months follow-up. All adult patients undergoing a craniotomy at the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam are eligible. The music group will receive recorded music through an overear headphone before, during and after surgery until postoperative day 3. Patients can choose from music playlists, offered based on music importance questionnaires administered at baseline. The control group will receive standard of clinical care<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Delirium is assessed by the Delirium Observation Scale and confirmed by a delirium-expert psychiatrist according to the DSM-5 criteria. Risk factors correlated with the onset of delirium, such as cognitive function at baseline, preoperative anxiety, perioperative medication use, depth of anaesthesia and postoperative pain, and delirium-related health outcomes such as length of stay, daily function, quality of life (ie, EQ-5D, EORTC questionnaires), costs and cost-effectiveness are collected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is being conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The Medical Ethics Review Board of Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands, approved this protocol. Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed scientific journals and conference presentations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration numbers<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NL8503 and\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" specific-use=\"clinicaltrial pre-results\" xlink:href=\"NCT04649450\">NCT04649450<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T12:02:19Z","timestamp":1633089739000},"page":"e048270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Music to prevent deliriUm during neuroSurgerY (MUSYC) Clinical trial: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04649450","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov","type":"preResults"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4987-297X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo R","family":"Kappen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Jeekel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clemens M F","family":"Dirven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0122-9929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M","family":"Klimek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven A","family":"Kushner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert-Jan","family":"Osse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michiel","family":"Coesmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marten J","family":"Poley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Medical Technology Assessment (iMTA), Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnaud J P E","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121408053969000_11.10.e048270.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric A . 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