{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:45:34Z","timestamp":1788457534107,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013373","name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley at Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Community Healthcare MedTech and In Vitro Diagnostics Co-operative","award":["MIC-2016-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIC-2016-018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To inform point-of-care test (POCT) development, we quantified the primary care demand for laboratory microbiology tests by describing their frequencies overall, frequencies of positives, most common organisms identified, temporal trends in testing and patterns of cotesting on the same and subsequent dates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Primary care practices in Oxfordshire.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>393\u2009905 patients (65% female; 49% aged 18\u201349).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The frequencies of all microbiology tests requested between 2008 and 2018 were quantified. Patterns of cotesting were investigated with heat maps. All analyses were done overall, by sex and age categories.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>1\u2009596\u2009752 microbiology tests were requested. Urine culture\u00b1microscopy was the most common of all tests (n=673\u2009612, 42%), was mainly requested without other tests and was the most common test requested in follow-up within 7 and 14 days. Of all urine cultures, 180\u2009047 (27%) were positive and 172\u2009651 (26%) showed mixed growth, and <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> was the most prevalent organism (132 277, 73% of positive urine cultures). Antenatal urine cultures and blood tests in pregnancy (hepatitis B, HIV and syphilis) formed a common test combination, consistent with their use in antenatal screening.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The greatest burden of microbiology testing in primary care is attributable to urine culture \u00b1 microscopy; genital and routine antenatal urine and blood testing are also significant contributors. Further research should focus on the feasibility and impact of POCTs for these specimen types.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T12:48:06Z","timestamp":1637671686000},"page":"e048527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Frequencies and patterns of microbiology test requests from primary care in Oxfordshire, UK, 2008\u20132018: a retrospective cohort study of electronic health records to inform point-of-care testing"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8965-104X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"JM","family":"Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez-Mena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford Nuffield, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R","family":"Fanshawe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford Nuffield, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dona","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Oakley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Stoesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Sarah","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0852-627X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gail","family":"Hayward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford Nuffield, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101811215614000_11.11.e048527.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes K , Bertozzi S , Bloom B . Chapter 1 major infectious diseases: key messages from disease control priorities. 3 edn. 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