{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:36:50Z","timestamp":1765888610875,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621209600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00MH110343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00MH110343"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OPP1132929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1132929"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032626","name":"UNITAID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2017-17-SFH-STAR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-17-SFH-STAR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032626","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV self-testing (HIVST) presents a convenient, private approach that removes barriers to providing HIV testing services. The Self-Testing Africa (STAR) Initiative aims to scale up HIVST among priority and undertested populations. HIVST has the potential to help maintain testing services during the social distancing restrictions implemented to prevent the spread of COVID-19. This project evaluates linkage to confirmatory testing and treatment for HIV-positive clients for the STAR South Africa site.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This secondary data analysis protocol aims to evaluate different HIVST distribution models from a prospective study implemented during November 2017 and December 2020 by Ezintsha, a subdivision of Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute. Routinely collected distribution and self-reported HIVST outcomes data will be deidentified and analysed. The main outcomes of interest are linkage to care and treatment among HIVST users who report a reactive HIVST result. Additionally, we plan to determine sociodemographic factors associated with linkage to care and treatment among HIVST users. Descriptive statistics will be used to describe the variables of interest, and modified Poisson regression with robust variance estimation will be performed to identify factors associated with linkage to care and treatment among HIVST users who report a reactive HIVST result. Risk ratios and 95% CIs for the risk ratios will be reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study protocol has been approved by the University of Witwatersrand Human Research Ethics Committee. The dissemination plan for the study findings will include presentations to local and international health authorities, international conferences and publications in open access journals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T11:52:11Z","timestamp":1621338731000},"page":"e048585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Implementation of different HIV self-testing models with implications for HIV testing services during the COVID-19 pandemic: study protocol for secondary data analysis of the STAR Initiative in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Majam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ezintsha, a sub-division of Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Guateng, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8193-817X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donaldson F","family":"Conserve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Zishiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ezintsha, a sub-division of Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2912-8564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zelalem T","family":"Haile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dublin, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Tembo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ezintsha, a sub-division of Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Phiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ezintsha, a sub-division of Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Hatzold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Services International, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheryl C","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global HIV, Hepatitis and STI Programmes, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francois","family":"Venter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ezintsha, a sub-division of Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Guateng, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121602032357000_11.5.e048585.1","unstructured":"National Strategic Plan . South African national strategic plan on HIV, TB and STIs 2017-2022, 2017. Available: http:\/\/sanac.org.za\/2017\/10\/24\/download-the-full-version-of-the-national-strategic-plan-for-hiv-tb-and-stis-2017-2022\/ [Accessed 18 Nov 2017]."},{"key":"2025121602032357000_11.5.e048585.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . WHO recommends HIV self-testing: evidence update and considerations for success: policy brief. who recommends HIV self-testing: evidence update and considerations for success: policy brief, 2019."},{"key":"2025121602032357000_11.5.e048585.3","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS) . Fast-track: ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030. 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Guidelines on HIV self-testing and partner notification - supplement to consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services, 2016."},{"key":"2025121602032357000_11.5.e048585.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-02939-6"},{"key":"2025121602032357000_11.5.e048585.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e276","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30534-0","article-title":"Effect of facility-based HIV self-testing on uptake of testing among outpatients in Malawi: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"8","author":"Dovel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025121602032357000_11.5.e048585.9","unstructured":"HIV Self-Testing AfRica (STAR) . HIV self-testing AfRica (STAR) initiative - research London school of hygiene and tropical medicine, 2018. Available: http:\/\/hivstar.lshtm.ac.uk\/"},{"key":"2025121602032357000_11.5.e048585.10","unstructured":"UNAIDS . Global AIDS update 2019\u2014communities at the centre. 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