{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T03:41:30Z","timestamp":1773978090525,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641772800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N004566\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N004566\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR Doctoral Fellowship (Award ID: NIHR300155)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR Doctoral Fellowship (Award ID: NIHR300155)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Paediatric intracranial hypertension (IH) is a rare but serious condition that can pose deleterious effects on the brain and vision. Estimating intracranial pressure (ICP) in children is difficult. Gold standard direct ICP measurement is invasive and carries risk. It is impractical to routinely perform direct ICP measurements over time for all children at risk of IH. This study proposes to assess the diagnostic accuracy of handheld optical coherence tomography (OCT), a non-invasive ocular imaging method, to detect IH in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a prospective study evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of handheld OCT for IH in at risk children. Inclusion criteria include clinical and\/or genetic diagnosis of craniosynostosis, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, space occupying lesion or other conditions association with IH and age 0\u201318 years old. Exclusion criteria include patients older than 18 years of age and\/or absence of condition placing the child at risk of IH. The primary outcome measures are handheld OCT and 48-hour ICP assessments, which will be used for diagnostic accuracy testing (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy). Main secondary outcome measures include visual acuity, fundoscopic examination, contrast sensitivity, visual field testing and visual evoked potentials, wherever possible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethical approval was granted for this study by the East Midlands Nottingham 2 Research Ethics committee (UOL0348\/IRAS 105137). Our findings will be disseminated through presentation at relevant meetings, peer-reviewed publication and via the popular media.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"ISRCTN52858719\">ISRCTN52858719<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-048745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T13:33:22Z","timestamp":1641908002000},"page":"e048745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Recognition of intracranial hypertension using handheld optical coherence tomography in children (RIO Study): a diagnostic accuracy study protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8134-6393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohaib R","family":"Rufai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital For Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"},{"name":"Ulverscroft Eye Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"},{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noor ul Owase","family":"Jeelani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK"},{"name":"Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5422-4104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital For Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"},{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0935-3713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catey","family":"Bunce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank A","family":"Proudlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ulverscroft Eye Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Gottlob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ulverscroft Eye Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121408165987000_12.1.e048745.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01668270","article-title":"Ueber meningitis serosa und verwandte Zust\u00e4nde","volume":"9","author":"Quincke","year":"1896","journal-title":"Deutsche Zeitschrift f. 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