{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T22:42:57Z","timestamp":1765838577142,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621209600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Soft Science Fund","award":["2017R085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R085"]}]},{"name":"Educational Research Fund for Young and Middle-aged Teachers of Provincial Education Department of Fujian","award":["JAS19008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JAS19008"]}]},{"name":"Research Start-up Fund of Fuzhou University","award":["CXRC201915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXRC201915"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to establish a set of disability weights (DWs) for COVID-19 symptoms, evaluate the disease burden of inpatients and analyse the characteristics and influencing factors of the disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a multicentre retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The medical records generated in three temporary military hospitals in Wuhan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical records of 2702 inpatients generated from 5 February to 5 April 2020 were randomly selected for this study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DWs of COVID-19 symptoms were determined by the person trade-off approach. The inpatients\u2019 medical records were analysed and used to calculate the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The mean DALY was evaluated across sex and age groups. The relationship between DALY and age, sex, body mass index, length of hospital stay, symptom duration before admission and native place was determined by multiple linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For the DALY of each inpatient, severe expiratory dyspnoea, mild cough and sore throat had the highest (0.399) and lowest (0.004) weights, respectively. The average synthetic DALY and daily DALY were 2.29\u00b11.33\u2009and 0.18\u00b10.15\u2009days, respectively. Fever and fatigue contributed the most DALY at 31.36%, whereas nausea and vomiting and anxiety and depression contributed the least at 7.05%. There were significant differences between sex and age groups in both synthetic and daily DALY. Age, body mass index, length of hospital stay and symptom duration before admission were strongly related to both synthetic and daily DALY.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the disease burden was higher among women than men, their daily disease burdens were similar. The disease burden in the younger population was higher than that in the older population. Treatment at the hospitals relieved the disease burden efficiently, while a delay in hospitalisation worsened it.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-048822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T11:52:37Z","timestamp":1621338757000},"page":"e048822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Disease burden from COVID-19 symptoms among inpatients at the temporary military hospitals in Wuhan: a retrospective multicentre cross\u2013sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Maihong","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of National Defense Education and Research, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"},{"name":"Department of Disease Control and Prevention, The No. 900 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Troop of PLA, Fuzhou, China"},{"name":"Clinical College in Fuzhou General Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8359-3897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of National Defense Education and Research, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"},{"name":"Department of Disease Control and Prevention, The No. 900 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Troop of PLA, Fuzhou, China"},{"name":"Clinical College in Fuzhou General Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control and Prevention, The No. 923 Hospital of PLA, Nanning, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, The No. 900 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Troop of PLA, Fuzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University of PLA, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control and Prevention, The No. 900 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Troop of PLA, Fuzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control and Prevention, The No. 900 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Troop of PLA, Fuzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meifeng Branch, The No. 900 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Troop of PLA, Fuzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.1","first-page":"429","article-title":"COVID-19 and power in global health","volume":"9","author":"Patterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093279","article-title":"What caused the outbreak of COVID-19 in China: from the perspective of crisis management","volume":"17","author":"Shangguan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.3","unstructured":"WHO . Disability-adjusted life years (DALY). Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/gho\/mortality_burden_disease\/daly_rates\/text\/en\/ [Accessed 30 Mar 2020]."},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salomon JA . Encyclopedia of health economics. Boston: Elsevier, 2014: 200\u20133.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-375678-7.00511-3"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-020518-115759"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.10","unstructured":"Murray CJL , Lopez AD , Christopher JL , et al . The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. 1st edn. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1996. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/41864"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2014.12.002","article-title":"The evolution of the disability-adjusted life year (DALY)","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Socioecon Plann Sci"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004189"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.13","first-page":"226","article-title":"Analysis on the disease burden and its impact factors of coal worker\u2019s pneumoconiosis inpatients","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Peking Univ Health Sci"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2260-x","article-title":"Frequency, associated features, and burden of neurological disorders in older adult inpatients in Brazil: a retrospective cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Bacellar","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-401"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e199"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e300","article-title":"Years of life lost attributable to COVID-19 in high-incidence countries","volume":"35","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124233","article-title":"Impact of the burden of COVID-19 in Italy: results of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and productivity loss","volume":"17","author":"Nurchis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohanty SK , Dubey M , Mishra U . Impact of COVID-19 attributable deaths on longevity, premature mortality and Daly: estimates of USA, Italy, Sweden and Germany. medRxiv 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.06.20147009"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz-Prado E , Simbana-Rivera K , Diaz AM . Epidemiological, socio-demographic and clinical features of the early phase of the COVID-19 epidemic in Ecuador. medRxiv 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.08.20095943"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000819"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.22","unstructured":"WHO . About the global burden of disease (GBD) project. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/global_burden_disease\/about\/en\/ [Accessed 30 Mar 2020]."},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.23","unstructured":"IHME . Global burden of disease study 2010 (GBD 2010) disability weights, 2010. Available: http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/record\/ihme-data\/gbd-2010-disability-weights [Accessed 30 Mar 2020]."},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.24","unstructured":"IHME . Global burden of disease study 2015 (GBD 2015) disability weights, 2015. Available: http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/record\/ihme-data\/gbd-2015-disability-weights [Accessed Mar 2020]."},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.25","unstructured":"IHME . Global burden of disease study 2016 (GBD 2016) disability weights, 2016. Available: http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/record\/ihme-data\/gbd-2016-disability-weights [Accessed 30 Mar 2020]."},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.26","unstructured":"IHME . Global burden of disease study 2017 (GBD 2017) disability weights, 2017. Available: http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/record\/ihme-data\/gbd-2017-disability-weights [Accessed 30 Mar 2020]."},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-018-9780-9","article-title":"Technological aspect factors of e-learning readiness in higher education institutions: Delphi technique","volume":"24","author":"Al-araibi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.28","unstructured":"Stouthard M , Essink-Bot M , Bonsel G . Disability weights for diseases in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Institut Sociale Geneeskunde, 1997."},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.561365"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.30","unstructured":"WHO . National burden of disease study: a practical guide edition 2.0, 2001. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/nationalburdenofdiseasemanual.pdf [Accessed 30 Mar 2020]."},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12196","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121012196","article-title":"High cancer burden in elderly Chinese, 2005-2011","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.32","unstructured":"Worldometer C . 19 coronavirus pandemic. Available: https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/ [Accessed 23 Aug 2020]."},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25735"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.02.01"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-020-0754-0","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection","volume":"14","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000113047.47711.fa"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195237","article-title":"The ties that bind: ingroup ties are linked with diminished inflammatory immune responses and fewer mental health symptoms through less rumination","volume":"13","author":"Ysseldyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2019.100772","article-title":"Stress-induced disturbances along the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis and implications for mental health: does sex matter?","volume":"54","author":"Audet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12410","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103383","article-title":"Risk factors for 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients progressing to critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"2025121514402503000_11.5.e048822.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12055"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-048822","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T22:40:34Z","timestamp":1765838434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-048822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-048822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-048822","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2044-6055"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2044-6055"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}}}