{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T22:19:00Z","timestamp":1776982740785,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is set up to explore the factors associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) testing among women and men in Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, 2016 adopts a cross-sectional design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women and men of age 15\u201349 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our primary outcome was ever tested for HIV. We used multivariable analysis at a 95% level of significance to measure the effect in outcome variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>About one in 10 women (10.8%) and one in five men (20.5%) ever tested for HIV. Women who had media exposure at least once a week ((adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=2.8; 95%\u2009CI: 1.4 to 5.3) were more likely to get tested for HIV compared with those who had no media exposure at all. Similarly, those who had their recent delivery in the health facility (aOR=3.9; 95%\u2009CI: 2.4 to 6.3) were more likely to get tests for HIV compared with those delivered elsewhere. Likewise, among men, compared with adolescents (15\u201319 years), those from older age groups were more likely to get tested for HIV. Compared with no education, secondary (aOR=2.3; 95%\u2009CI: 1.4 to 3.6) and higher education (aOR=1.7; 95%\u2009CI: 1.0 to 2.8) had higher odds of getting tested for HIV. Similarly, wealth quintiles in richer and richest groups were more likely to get tested for HIV compared with the poorest quintile. Other characteristics like media exposure, paid sex and 2+ sexual partners were positively associated with being tested for HIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV testing is not widespread and more men than women are accessing HIV services. More than two-thirds of women who delivered at health facilities never tested for HIV. It is imperative to reach out to people engaging in risky sexual behaviour, people with lower educational attainment, and those in the lower wealth quintile for achieving 95\u201395\u201395 targets by 2030.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T11:58:00Z","timestamp":1638532680000},"page":"e049415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Factors associated with HIV testing and counselling services among women and men in Nepal: a cross-sectional study using data from a nationally representative survey"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Navaraj","family":"Bhattarai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nepal Public Health Research and Development Center, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiran","family":"Bam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Professional, Kathmandhu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7757-0066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiran","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New ERA, Rudramati Marga, Kalopul, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajshree","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhagawan","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Professional, Kathmandhu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121512524687000_11.12.e049415.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e831","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30196-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study 2017","volume":"6","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2025121512524687000_11.12.e049415.2","unstructured":"UNAIDS . 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