{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:45:16Z","timestamp":1787964316416,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The concept of this review is to examine and quantify the reporting of parameters of dose (duration, speed, head excursion) and dosage (daily and weekly frequency, duration) for gaze stabilisation exercises and to report on outcome measures used to assess change in gaze stabilisation following intervention. This review includes any population completing gaze stabilisation exercises.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scoping review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched key terms in the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus and Cochrane. Two researchers reviewed titles, abstracts and full-text articles for inclusion. Data retrieved included: patient diagnosis, specific interventions provided, dose and dosage of gaze stabilisation interventions and outcome measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From the initial 1609 results, 138 studies were included. Data extraction revealed that only 13 studies (9.4%) reported all parameters of dose and dosage. Most studies used other interventions in addition to gaze stabilisation exercises. Half of the studies did not use a clinical or instrumented outcome measure of gaze stability, using only patient-reported outcome measures. Clinical tests of gaze stability were used in 21.1% of studies, and instrumented measures of gaze stability were used in 14.7% of studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Full reporting of the dose and dosage of gaze stabilisation interventions is infrequent, impairing the ability to translate current evidence into clinical care. Most studies did not use a clinical or instrumented measure of gaze stabilisation as outcome measures, questioning the validity of intervention effects. Improved reporting and use of outcome measures are necessary to establish optimal intervention parameters for those with gaze stability impairments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T11:01:36Z","timestamp":1643972496000},"page":"e049560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Reporting of exercise dose and dosage and outcome measures for gaze stabilisation in the literature: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3573-3859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith R","family":"Cole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health, Human Function, and Rehabilitation Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health, Human Function, and Rehabilitation Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Volland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01076","article-title":"Prevalence, determinants, and consequences of vestibular hypofunction. results from the KORA-FF4 survey","volume":"9","author":"Grill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1555120","article-title":"Aging of the human vestibular system","volume":"36","author":"Zalewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Hear"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03748.x"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1241035"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2017.01.012","article-title":"Prevalence of vestibular and balance disorders in children and adolescents according to age: a multi-center study","volume":"94","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2013.3913","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of bilateral vestibular hypofunction: results from the 2008 us National health interview survey","volume":"139","author":"Ward","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005397.pub4"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0b013e3181dde6bf"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mao.0000244351.42201.a7"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000162","article-title":"Physical therapy for persons with vestibular disorders","volume":"28","author":"Whitney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2011.7.4.184"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000120"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters MDJ GC , McInerney P , Munn Z , et al . Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews (2020 version). In: Aromataris E , Munn Z , eds. Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer\u2019s Manual. JBI, 2020. https:\/\/reviewersmanual.joannabriggs.org\/","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIRM-20-01"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.16","unstructured":"Health NIo . Notice of Revised NIH Definition of \u201cClinical Trial\u201d. grants.nih.gov. Office of Science Policy, 2014."},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2015.05.019","article-title":"Vestibular rehabilitation with visual stimuli in peripheral vestibular disorders","volume":"82","author":"Manso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1519\/00139143-200712000-00007","article-title":"Vestibular rehabilitation decreases fall risk and improves gaze stability for an older individual with unilateral vestibular hypofunction","volume":"30","author":"Horning","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Geriatr Phys Ther"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e310","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000539","article-title":"Pilot study of a new rehabilitation tool: improved unilateral short-term adaptation of the human angular vestibulo-ocular reflex","volume":"35","author":"Migliaccio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzz083","article-title":"Improved oculomotor physiology and behavior after unilateral incremental adaptation training in a person with chronic vestibular hypofunction: a case report","volume":"99","author":"Rinaudo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1537-z"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2834964","article-title":"StableEyes-A portable vestibular rehabilitation device","volume":"26","author":"Todd","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00241127","article-title":"Short-Term adaptation of the phase of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in normal human subjects","volume":"106","author":"Kramer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-018-0657-9","article-title":"Optimal human passive vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation does not rely on passive training","volume":"19","author":"Mahfuz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Assoc Res Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-012-0359-7"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312461715"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-011-1532-z","article-title":"What is the most effective vestibular rehabilitation technique in patients with unilateral peripheral vestibular disorders?","volume":"268","author":"Rossi-Izquierdo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227202","article-title":"Short-Term vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation in humans. II. error signals","volume":"100","author":"Shelhamer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227201","article-title":"Short-Term vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation in humans","volume":"100","author":"Tiliket","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01196","article-title":"Rebalancing the vestibular system by unidirectional rotations in patients with chronic vestibular dysfunction","volume":"9","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.31","article-title":"A prototype Head-Motion monitoring system for in-home vestibular rehabilitation therapy","volume":"1","author":"Bhatti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bioeng Biomed Sci"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26661","article-title":"An adaptive vestibular rehabilitation technique","volume":"128","author":"Crane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27838","article-title":"Vor adaptation training and retention in a patient with profound bilateral vestibular hypofunction","volume":"129","author":"Gimmon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10139-4","article-title":"Diagnosing vestibular hypofunction: an update","volume":"268","author":"Starkov","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1111","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002032","article-title":"Assessment of vestibulo-ocular reflex gain and catch-up saccades during vestibular rehabilitation","volume":"39","author":"Navari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2019.05.008","article-title":"Vestibular rehabilitation in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment: effects of virtual reality using a head-mounted display","volume":"83","author":"Micarelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1353-z","article-title":"Rehabilitation to improve gaze and postural stability in people with multiple sclerosis: study protocol for a prospective randomized clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"Loyd","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.38","first-page":"183","article-title":"Effects of vestibular rehabilitation interventions in the elderly with chronic unilateral vestibular hypofunction","volume":"29","author":"Bayat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2006.06.010","article-title":"Preliminary evidence of improved gaze stability following exercise in two children with vestibular hypofunction","volume":"70","author":"Braswell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-9-77","article-title":"Interactive wiimote gaze stabilization exercise training system for patients with vestibular hypofunction","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989511200404"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000194373.08203.33"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mhn.2003.23"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215504cr707oa"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200503000-00024"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-199512000-00009","article-title":"The efficacy of vestibular rehabilitation for patients with head trauma","volume":"10","author":"Gizzi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480500388885","article-title":"Vestibular rehabilitation and 6-month follow-up using objective and subjective measures","volume":"126","author":"Meli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/21695717.2017.1347367","article-title":"The role of customized vestibular rehabilitation with visual desensitization in the management of visual vertigo syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Moaty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hearing Balance and Communication"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0314"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488309139422"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-130873","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of vestibular dysfunction in children","volume":"32","author":"Rine","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-1998-8405","article-title":"Adaptation of the VOR in patients with low VOR gains","volume":"8","author":"Viirre","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"2025121221215405000_12.2.e049560.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200203000-00017"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049560","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T05:22:06Z","timestamp":1765603326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049560","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}}}