{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:18:00Z","timestamp":1781885880795,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623283200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014913","name":"Freistaat Sachsen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CoviDD19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CoviDD19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To quantify the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections in secondary schools after their reopening in May 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Repeated SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence study after the reopening of schools and 4 months later.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Secondary school in Dresden, Germany.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>1538 students grades 8\u201312 and 507 teachers from 13 schools.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serial blood sampling and SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in study population. Number of undetected cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>1538 students and 507 teachers were initially enrolled, and 1334 students and 445 teachers completed both study visits. The seroprevalence for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 0.6% in May\/June and the same in September\/October. Even in schools with reported COVID-19 cases before the lockdown of 13 March, no clusters could be identified. Of 12 persons with positive serology five had a known history of confirmed COVID-19; 23 out of 24 participants with a household history of COVID-91 were seronegative.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Schools do not play a crucial role in driving the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in a low-prevalence setting. Transmission in families occurs very infrequently, and the number of unreported cases is low in this age group. These observations do not support school closures as a strategy fighting the pandemic in a low-prevalence setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DRKS00022455.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T13:13:58Z","timestamp":1623330838000},"page":"e049876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in students and teachers: a longitudinal study from May to October 2020 in German secondary schools"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Carolin","family":"Kirsten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manja","family":"Unrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"L\u00fcck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Virology and Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander H","family":"Dalpke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Virology and Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhard","family":"Berner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5418-6416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Armann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101813082812000_11.6.e049876.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017"},{"key":"2025101813082812000_11.6.e049876.2","unstructured":"UNESCO . 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